Interneurons containing somatostatin are affected by learning-induced cortical plasticity

SUMMARYThe neurobiology of psychological concepts like schema, and psychotherapeutic strategies of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is poorly understood, partly because learning to process information confounds, and is rarely distinguished from acquiring content-specific memory. Learning to learn changes one’s overall information-processing ability, whereas neurobiological investigations typically focus on memory for content from particular experiences. We investigated entorhinal cortex-to-dentate gyrus neural circuit changes while mice learn to learn during cognitive control training (CCT) to judiciously use and ignore information. CCT changes synaptic circuit function by persistently modifying an excitatory-inhibitory interneuron subcircuit lasting weeks. CCT increases dentate gyrus expression of PKMζ that maintains long-term potentiation, particularly in somatostatin-expressing inhibitory interneurons that mediate both widespread inhibition, and through disinhibition, also local excitation of dentate gyrus. These findings that CCT modifies excitation-inhibition circuit coordination provide direct neurobiological evidence for a CBT-neuroplasticity hypothesis that, beyond particular item/event associations, learning to learn persistently changes neural circuit function.

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“…4B, 4S2). A preferential recruitment of SST+ cells was also reported in barrel cortex after somatosensory training 30 .…”

Section: Cct Increases Pkmζ In Dentate Gyrus and A Subclass Of Hilar mentioning

confidence: 53%

Learning to learn persistently modifies an entorhinal-hippocampal excitatory-inhibitory subcircuit

Chung

Jou

Grau‐Perales

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…SST INs have been found to be involved in the cellular mechanisms of learning (Adler et al 2019;Chen et al 2015;Cichon and Gan 2015;Kato et al 2015;Letzkus et al 2011;Lovett-Barron et al 2014;McKay et al 2013;Pi et al 2013;Stefanelli et al 2016;Wolff et al 2014) and cortical plasticity (Fu et al 2015;Khan et al 2018;Scheyltjens and Arckens 2016). Our studies of learning-dependent plasticity in the barrel cortex point to the involvement of SST containing GABAergic neurons in the mechanism underlying the development of plastic changes (Cybulska-Klosowicz et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5) on inhibitory interneurons in the barrel cortex

et al. 2019

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Inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex contain specific proteins or peptides characteristic for a certain interneuron subtype. In mice, three biochemical markers constitute non-overlapping interneuron populations, which account for 80-90% of all inhibitory cells. These interneurons express parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). SST is not only a marker of a specific interneuron subtype, but also an important neuropeptide that participates in numerous biochemical and signalling pathways in the brain via somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5). In the nervous system, SST acts as a neuromodulator and neurotransmitter affecting, among others, memory, learning, and mood. In the sensory cortex, the co-localisation of GABA and SST is found in approximately 30% of interneurons. Considering the importance of interactions between inhibitory interneurons in cortical plasticity and the possible GABA and SST co-release, it seems important to investigate the localisation of different SSTRs on cortical interneurons. Here, we examined the distribution of SSTR1-5 on barrel cortex interneurons containing PV, SST, or VIP. Immunofluorescent staining using specific antibodies was performed on brain sections from transgenic mice that expressed red fluorescence in one specific interneuron subtype (PV-Ai14, SST-Ai14, and VIP-Ai14 mice). SSTRs expression on PV, SST, and VIP interneurons varied among the cortical layers and we found two patterns of SSTRs distribution in L4 of barrel cortex. We also demonstrated that, in contrast to other interneurons, PV cells did not express SSTR2, but expressed other SSTRs. SST interneurons, which were not found to make chemical synapses among themselves, expressed all five SSTR subtypes.

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“…However, given the specialized synaptic and anatomical properties of SST neurons, it is now possible to consider their specific role in channelling network activity or in controlling information flow to support learning. SST-neuron-mediated regulation of learning may occur through short-term changes in their activity 91 that directly or indirectly influence excitatory neurons, or through long-lasting changes in SST-neuron anatomy, network activity or GABA synthesis 76,92 . Because SST cells profoundly suppress presynaptic release properties of (at least) excitatory inputs through GABA B R activation on a timescale that can span hundreds of milliseconds, it is possible that many of their effects are mediated through reductions in excitatory transmission that, in many cases, effectively silence synapses.…”

Section: Activity During Complex Behavioursmentioning

confidence: 99%

Somatostatin-expressing neurons in cortical networks

2016

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Somatostatin-expressing GABAergic neurons constitute a major class of inhibitory neurons in the mammalian cortex and are characterized by dense wiring into the local network and high basal firing activity that persists in the absence of synaptic input. This firing provides both GABA type A receptor (GABAAR)- and GABABR-mediated inhibition that operates at fast and slow timescales. The activity of somatostatin-expressing neurons is regulated by brain state, during learning and in rewarded behaviour. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how this class of cells can control network activity, with specific reference to how this is constrained by their anatomical and electrophysiological properties.

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Interneurons containing somatostatin are affected by learning-induced cortical plasticity

Cited by 26 publications

References 35 publications

Learning to learn persistently modifies an entorhinal-hippocampal excitatory-inhibitory subcircuit

Learning to learn persistently modifies an entorhinal-hippocampal excitatory-inhibitory subcircuit

Somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5) on inhibitory interneurons in the barrel cortex

Somatostatin-expressing neurons in cortical networks

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