Internal corrosion of carbon steel pipelines for dense-phase CO₂transport in carbon capture and storage (CCS) – a review

Abstract

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has been highlighted as a potential method to enable the continued use of fossil-fuelled power stations through the abatement of carbon dioxide (CO2). A complete CCS cycle requires safe, reliable and cost effective solutions for the transmission of CO2 from the capturing facility to the location of permanent storage. In subsequent sections, early laboratory and field corrosion experience relating to natural dense phase CO2 transport for the purposes of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are summarised along with more recent research efforts which focus on identifying the role of anthropogenic impurities in the degradation processes. For each system impurity, the reaction rates, mechanisms and corrosion product composition/morphology expected at the steel surfaces are discussed, as well as each component's ability to influence the critical water content required to initiate corrosion. Potential bulk phase reactions between multiple impurities are also evaluated in an attempt to help understand how the impurity content may evolve along a long distance pipeline.The likelihood of stress-corrosion cracking and hydrogen-induced cracking is discussed and the various corrosion mitigation techniques which exist to control degradation to acceptable 2 levels are reviewed. Based on the current research performed in the context of impure dense phase CO2 corrosion, issues associated with performing laboratory experiments to replicate field conditions and the challenges such limitations present in terms of defining the safe operating window for CO2 transport are considered.

Cracking mechanism in API 5L X65 steel in a CO2-saturated environment

“…However, within different oil and gas environments, it is possible for different surface films to evolve on the steel surface. Some of these film layers have been shown to promote corrosion of the steel surface through galvanic effects or internal acidification, as is the case with iron carbide (Fe3C) [4,5] while other films are capable of stifling the corrosion reaction, such as iron carbonate (FeCO3) [6][7][8]. Given that such film formation processes have a strong impact on corrosion and the cathodic reaction rates, the film formation process may have a direct influence on the hydrogen charging mechanism.…”

Development of an electrochemically integrated SR-GIXRD flow cell to study FeCO3 formation kinetics

“…Diffraction patterns can be collected through water, enabling the flow to be maintained over the course of the experiment while data is collected in real time and correlated with electrochemical measurements. The design of the flow cell is shown in Figure 1 and comprises two main components (the flow cell base (4) and a top plate (1)) machined from Acetal that are mounted together with M5 socket cap stainless steel screws (8). A groove was machined into the base of the cell to accommodate a custom Viton O-ring (11) to facilitate an air-tight seal.…”

“…The high degree of protection is attributed to a combination of a surface blocking effect from the precipitated crystals as well as FeCO3 presenting itself as a diffusion barrier to electrochemically active species involved in the charge-transfer process as the layer becomes denser and less porous. The transient corrosion rate behaviour of carbon steel during FeCO3 formation and the magnitude of the steady state corrosion rate after film formation is dictated by the crystal layer nucleation, growth, morphology and its stability/resistance against chemical/mechanical removal [5][6][7][8] . Therefore, understanding the factors governing the rate of formation of FeCO3 on the corroding surface of mild steel is an important step in understanding the overall CO2 corrosion process.…”

Thermodynamics Process Simulation Based Design of High Performance Light Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Plant with Membrane-Based CO2 Capture Technology

“…Currently, the technology of CCS or also recognized as CO 2 capture technology has received a big attention in worldwide to reduce CO 2 emission [4][6] [7]. However, integration of CO 2 capture technology in the power generation system could reduce significantly the total plant efficiency approximately 10% [8].…”