Intermittent Fasting: A Heart Healthy Dietary Pattern?

Dong, Tiffany; Sandesara, Pratik B.; Dhindsa, Devinder S.; Mehta, Anurag; Arneson, Laura; Dollar, Allen L.; Taub, Pam R.; Sperling, Laurence

doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.03.030

Cited by 146 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Novel approaches which aim at mitigating circadian disruption through modifying timing and duration of daily food intake represent a promising strategy for patients with MetS [ 18 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a lifestyle intervention in which eating is restricted to a reduced, fixed number of hours per day, which supports an adequate fastening period [ 10 , 12 , 18 , 30 , 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Restricted Eating and Metabolic Syndrome: Current Status and Future Perspectives

2021

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Metabolic syndrome (MetS) occurs in ~30% of adults and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. MetS reflects the clustering of individual cardiometabolic risk factors including central obesity, elevated fasting plasma glucose, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure. Erratic eating patterns such as eating over a prolonged period per day and irregular meal timing are common in patients with MetS. Misalignment between daily rhythms of food intake and circadian timing system can contribute to circadian rhythm disruption which results in abnormal metabolic regulation and adversely impacts cardiometabolic health. Novel approaches which aim at restoring robust circadian rhythms through modification of timing and duration of daily eating represent a promising strategy for patients with MetS. Restricting eating period during a day (time-restricted eating, TRE) can aid in mitigating circadian disruption and improving cardiometabolic outcomes. Previous pilot TRE study of patients with MetS showed the feasibility of TRE and improvements in body weight and fat, abdominal obesity, atherogenic lipids, and blood pressure, which were observed despite no overt attempt to change diet quantity and quality or physical activity. The present article aims at giving an overview of TRE human studies of individuals with MetS or its components, summarizing current clinical evidence for improving cardiometabolic health through TRE intervention in these populations, and presenting future perspectives for an implementation of TRE to treat and prevent MetS. Previous TRE trials laid the groundwork and indicate a need for further clinical research including large-scale controlled trials to determine TRE efficacy for reducing long-term cardiometabolic risk, providing tools for sustained lifestyle changes and, ultimately, improving overall health in individuals with MetS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Restricted Eating and Metabolic Syndrome: Current Status and Future Perspectives

2021

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“…Since the aforementioned study on CR was conducted, many researchers have introduced different types of intermittent fasting (IF). In contrast to traditional CR paradigms, IF refers to a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that range from 12 h to several days on a recurring basis, and these patterns include daily time-restricted feeding, alternate-day fasting and 5:2 intermittent fasting (fasting for 2 days each week) [ 5 – 10 ]. Based on a meta-analysis of previous studies, IF exerts metabolic effects similar to those of CR, such as improving glucose metabolism by lowering insulin resistance [ 5 , 11 – 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of calorie intake, fasting, and dietary composition on metabolic health and gut microbiota in mice

et al. 2021

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Background Calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF) can promote metabolic health through a process that is partially mediated by gut microbiota modulation. To compare the effects of CR and IF with different dietary structures on metabolic health and the gut microbiota, we performed an experiment in which mice were subjected to a CR or IF regimen and an additional IF control (IFCtrl) group whose total energy intake was not different from that of the CR group was included. Each regimen was included for normal chow and high-fat diet. Results We showed that in normal-chow mice, the IFCtrl regimen had similar positive effects on glucose and lipid metabolism as the CR regimen, but the IF regimen showed almost no influence compared to the outcomes observed in the ad libitum group. IF also resulted in improvements, but the effects were less marked than those associate with CR and IFCtrl when the mice were fed a high-fat diet. Moreover, CR created a stable and unique gut microbial community, while the gut microbiota shaped by IF exhibited dynamic changes in fasting-refeeding cycles. At the end of each cycle, the gut microbiota of the IFCtrl mice was similar to that of the CR mice, and the gut microbiota of the IF mice was similar to that of the ad libitum group. When the abundance of Lactobacillus murinus OTU2 was high, the corresponding metabolic phenotype was improved regardless of eating pattern and dietary structure, which might be one of the key bacterial groups in the gut microbiota that is positively correlated with metabolic amelioration. Conclusion There are interactions among the amount of food intake, the diet structure, and the fasting time on metabolic health. The structure and composition of gut microbiota modified by dietary regimens might contribute to the beneficial effects on the host metabolism.

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“…Alternate Day Fasting (ADF) [46,[51][52][53][56][57][58] This eating pattern involves consuming no calories on fasting days and alternating fasting days with a day of unrestricted food intake or "feast" day.…”

Section: Intermittent Fasting (If) [48-57]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Effects of Calorie Restriction on Health Span and Insulin Resistance: Classic Calorie Restriction Diet vs Ketosis-Inducing Diet

Napoleão¹,

Fernandes²,

Miranda³

et al. 2021

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As Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCD) increase, preventive approaches become more crucial. In this review, Calorie Restriction (CR) effects on human beings were evaluated, comparing benefits and risks of different CR diets: classic CR vs ketosis-inducing diets, including Intermittent Fasting (IF), Classic Ketogenic Diet (CKD), Fasting Mimicking Diet (FMD), Very-Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) and Spanish Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet (SKMD). Special emphasis on Insulin Resistance (IR) was placed, as it mediates Metabolic Syndrome (MS), a risk factor for CNCD, and predicts MS diagnosis. CR is the most robust intervention known to increase lifespan and health span, with high evidence and known biochemical mechanisms. CR improves cardiometabolic risk parameters, boosts exercise insulin sensitivity response, and there may be benefits of implementing moderate CR on healthy young and middle-aged individuals. However, there is insufficient evidence to support long-term CR. CKD is effective for weight and MS management, and may have additional benefits such as prevention of muscle loss and appetite control. SKMD has extreme significance benefits for all the metabolic parameters studied. Studies show inconsistent benefits of IF compared to classic CR. More studies are required to study biochemical parameters, reinforce evidence, identify risks, and seek effective and safe nutritional CR approaches.

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Intermittent Fasting: A Heart Healthy Dietary Pattern?

Cited by 146 publications

References 37 publications

Time-Restricted Eating and Metabolic Syndrome: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Time-Restricted Eating and Metabolic Syndrome: Current Status and Future Perspectives

The effect of calorie intake, fasting, and dietary composition on metabolic health and gut microbiota in mice

Comparative Effects of Calorie Restriction on Health Span and Insulin Resistance: Classic Calorie Restriction Diet vs Ketosis-Inducing Diet

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