Interlaboratory Comparison for Results of Analyses for Polybrominated Biphenyls in Human Serum

Burse, Virlyn W.; Needham, Larry L.; Liddle, John; Bayse, D D; Price, Harold A.

doi:10.1093/jat/4.1.22

Cited by 59 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The accuracy of the methods 6 18.1-68.5 Abbreviations: PBB, polybrominated biphenyl; BMI, body mass index. used to determine PBB levels was high (23). This study has several limitations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Half-life of polybrominated biphenyl in human sera.

Rosen

Flanders

Friede

et al. 1995

Environ Health Perspect

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(12).The purpose of this study was to estimate the half-life of PBB in human blood sera in order to contribute to our understanding of how continued body burden relates to the possible adverse health consequences of exposure. We found only one previous report of the half-life of PBB in humans (13). This study gave a median estimate of 12 years with a range of 4.6-94.7 years. This estimate was determined by serum measurements from 15 females and 12 males; the half-life for females and males was similar. An experimental half-life determined in rats using a multicompartment model that was then extrapolated to humans was reported as 6.5 years (14); the elimination of PBB from rat serum has been shown to be first order (15). A linear relationship between PBB concentrations in adipose tissue and in serum with a ratio of approximately 300:1 has been demonstrated; the different congeners of PBB do not have significantly different partition ratios (16,17). MethodsWe used data and participants from the Michigan PBB prospective cohort project, which was started in 1975 and was previously described by Pirkle et al. (18). The Michigan investigators enrolled people in the study if they were residents of farms quarantined because of PBB in milk detected at 300 ppb, in eggs detected at 50 ppb (N = 2148), or if they were recipients of food products from quarantined farms (N = 1421). Participation was over 95%. Subjects answered a questionnaire, provided a blood sample, and were followed over time to contribute new blood samples and answer follow-up questionnaires.Participants from the cohort were eligible for inclusion in our analysis if they: 1) lived on a quarantined farm or consumed food products from such a farm; 2) had at least two PBB level determinations between 1976 and 1982 that were a minimum of 1 year apart; 3) were over 18 years of age at the time of their first PBB level measurement; and 4) had an initial PBB level determination of at least 20 pbb. We included the age requirement because continued growth may affect measured PBB levels and half-life (19,20 Ct represents concentration at later times, and k is the rate of decline (21). After taking logarithms and rearranging, this formula is equivalent to -k = Alog(C)/At, where Alog(C) is the change in the log of PBB measurements and At is the change in time between the measurements. The estimated half-life is then equal to log(2)/X. We estimated k for each individual using simple linear regression of eligible PBB measurements and the times between them. We estimated the half-life using two methods in order to better summarize the data. The first method used the median of the individual x values to estimate the halflife. Confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using distribution-free techniques (22). The second method used the mean of the individual X values. Weighting subjects according to the number of available PBB measurements for sensitivity analysis did not change the results. The SAS system was used for calculations

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“…The accuracy of the methods 6 18.1-68.5 Abbreviations: PBB, polybrominated biphenyl; BMI, body mass index. used to determine PBB levels was high (23). This study has several limitations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Half-life of polybrominated biphenyl in human sera.

Rosen

Flanders

Friede

et al. 1995

Environ Health Perspect

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“…PBBs and PCBs were measured in serum samples obtained from women at enrollment in the cohort and at times during follow-up using gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (15,16). Quantitation of PBB was based on the main congener, 2,2´,4,4´,5,5´hexa-bromobiphenyl.…”

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confidence: 99%

Breast-feeding among women exposed to polybrominated biphenyls in Michigan.

Thomas

Marcus

Zhang

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

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In the early 1970s, the largest industrial accident in the United States resulted in widespread contamination of the food supply in Michigan with polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs). The chemical similarity of PBBs to compounds implicated as endocrine disruptors has raised the question of whether PBBs could affect the reproductive system. In the present analysis we examine the relation between serum measurements of PBBs and the frequency and duration of lactation. Persons who lived on or received food from farms exposed to PBBs were enrolled in a registry by the Michigan Department of Public Health. Female members of the cohort were invited to participate in a telephone survey of reproductive outcomes. The three outcomes of interest in the present analysis were a) the decision to breast-feed (yes/no); b) the duration, in months, of breast-feeding as the main source of nutrition; and c) the total duration, in months, of breast-feeding. None of the three outcomes was significantly associated with serum PBB levels, even after controlling for maternal age, previous history of breast-feeding, body mass index, maternal education, household income, history of smoking in the year before pregnancy, consumption of alcohol during the first trimester of pregnancy, history of thyroid disorder, gestational age of the infant in weeks, time to pregnancy, and year of birth.

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“…PBB, like other highly persistent chemicals, is therefore assumed to be in equilibrium among the organs and tissues before substantial amounts are eliminated (34) and was likely in equilibrium before the first serum measurements were taken in That longer half-lives were found with higher initial PBB levels suggests that PBB elimination may be a saturable process at higher exposures resulting in different distribution patterns or, more likely, that there are unmeasured sources of variability. In the latter case, there are examples where nonlinearity may be difficult to distinguish from experimental variability (23).We do not believe that greater measurement error near the LOD accounts for the shortened half-life in women with low initial PBB levels because the coefficients of variation over a range of PBB concentrations appear to be similar (18,19). Specifically, Needham et al (18) found coefficients of variation for PBB of 8.4-13.8% for a target value of 10 ppb, 14.0% for a target value of 41 ppb, 8.7% for a target value of 164 ppb, and 7.1% for a target value of 484 ppb.…”

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confidence: 99%

Determinants of Polybrominated Biphenyl Serum Decay among Women in the Michigan PBB Cohort

Blanck¹,

Marcus²,

Hertzberg³

et al. 2000

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Accidental contamination of the food chain in Michigan in 1973 with polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) led to the establishment of a registry of exposed individuals in 1976. Serum was collected and analyzed for PBB at the time of enrollment and for targeted studies in the following years. We used the archived PBB data to study the elimination of PBB and to identify factors associated with elimination. A total of 380 women ≥ 16 years of age who had an initial PBB level of 2 ppb and at least two serum samples drawn when they were not pregnant were included in the analysis. The mean initial PBB level was 20.9 ppb (median 4) and mean time between the first and last measurement was 4.2 years (range 0.5-11.1). PBB was assumed to reach equilibrium in the body before substantial amounts were eliminated and before the first serum measurements were taken; therefore, the entire body was modeled as a single compartment for PBB with exponential decay. Subject-specific decay rate estimates were regressed on predictor variables including initial age, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, breast-feeding duration, and parity. In women with an initial PBB level < 10 ppb, the median half-life was 12.9 years; in those with > 10 ppb, the median half-life was 28.7 years. Decay was significantly slower among women with an initial BMI at or above the median (BMI ≥ 23). The calculated half-life values are estimates of decay and can be used to estimate body burden of PBB at various points in time other than at the time of serum collection.Address correspondence to M. Marcus, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Room 460, Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Telephone: (404) . mmarcus@sph.emory.edu. PBBs were used as fire retardants for molded plastic parts, such as the cases of televisions, typewriters, and business machines. In 1973, an industrial accident resulted in the inadvertent substitution of FireMaster for NutriMaster (feed-grade magnesium oxide), a nutritional supplement, into livestock feed. In the following months, many Michigan residents unknowingly ate animal and dairy products that had been contaminated with PBBs. Once the PBB contamination was discovered, public concern prompted assessment of possible adverse health consequences in exposed individuals. A pilot study was conducted in 1974 and a registry of exposed individuals was established in 1976. Details of the incident and the cohort have been described previously (1-5). HHS Public AccessThere is renewed interest in the possible human health effects of PBBs because of their potential role as endocrine disruptors. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals include a family of structurally similar halogenated organics that have the ability to mimic or block normal hormonal activity. They are widespread in occurrence, resistant to degradation, and accumulate in fatty tissue. These chemicals include DDT and its degradation product DDE; 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD); polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); and PBBs. ...

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Interlaboratory Comparison for Results of Analyses for Polybrominated Biphenyls in Human Serum

Cited by 59 publications

References 8 publications

Half-life of polybrominated biphenyl in human sera.

Half-life of polybrominated biphenyl in human sera.

Breast-feeding among women exposed to polybrominated biphenyls in Michigan.

Determinants of Polybrominated Biphenyl Serum Decay among Women in the Michigan PBB Cohort

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