Intergranular corrosion of AISI 316L steel

Matula, M.; Hyspecká, L.; Svoboda, Milan; Vodárek, Vlastimil; Dagbert, C.; Galland, J.; Stonawska, Zuzana; Tůma, L.

doi:10.1016/s1044-5803(01)00125-5

Cited by 100 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…As the σ-phase grows, islands of secondary austenite develop inside it owing to the formation of chromium-depletion zones ( Fig. 1) (Matula et al, 2001;Sahlaoui et al, 2004). The chemical composition of the secondary phases is shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During this annealing, first the formation of chromium-rich carbides (type M 23 C 6 ) starts and consequently the σ-phase appears (Marshall, 1984;Wasnik et al, 2003;Sahlaoui et al, 2004). The Laves phase nucleates inside the austenitic grain (Marshall, 1984;Matula et al, 2001). The formation of chromium-rich carbides and the σ-phase was proved even after annealing at very low temperatures (in the range 400-500 °C) (Wasnik et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural analysis and intergranular corrosion tests of AISI 316L steel

Stonawska

Svoboda

Sozańska

et al. 2006

Journal of Microscopy

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SummaryPure AISI 316L steel is investigated after solution heat treatment (1050 °C/H 2 O) and structural sensitization (650 °C). Two quite different intergranular corrosion tests are used to determine the degree of structural sensitization due to the precipitation of secondary phases along the grain boundaries (mainly the M 23 C 6 and σ-phase): the oxalic acid etch test and the electrochemical potentio-kinetic reactivation test. Generally, the dissolution of chromium-rich carbides (M 23 C 6 ) is provoked by oxalic acid etch tests, whereas the chromiumdepleted zones, in the vicinity of chromium-rich carbides (M 23 C 6 ), are attacked by electrochemical potentio-kinetic reactivation tests. Both intergranular corrosion tests are used to determine the maximum degree of structural sensitization. Thus structural analysis by carbon replicas reveals the Laves phase, and both the M 23 C 6 and (Cr,Mo) x (Fe,Ni) y phases. The results of intergranular corrosion tests are related to the findings of the structural analysis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural analysis and intergranular corrosion tests of AISI 316L steel

Stonawska

Svoboda

Sozańska

et al. 2006

Journal of Microscopy

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“…It can be located in grain boundaries (GBs) [30,31], twin boundaries (TBs) [32][33][34] and intragranular sites [30,32]. M 23 C 6 most often appears in GBs where it may control the nucleation of creep cavities [30] and is often connected to intergranular corrosion due to depletion of chromium at GBs [13,35,36].…”

Section: Carbides and Nitridesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On High-Temperature Behaviours of Heat Resistant Austenitic Alloys

Calmunger¹

2015

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Advanced heat resistant materials are important to achieve the transition to long term sustainable power generation. The global increase in energy consumption and the global warming from greenhouse gas emissions create the need for more sustainable power generation processes. Biomass-fired power plants with higher efficiency could generate more power but also reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, e.g. CO 2 . Biomass is the largest global contributor to renewable energy and offers no net contribution of CO 2 to the atmosphere. To obtain greater efficiency of power plants, one option is to increase the temperature and the pressure in the boiler section of the power plant. Raised temperature and pressure increase the demands of the operating materials of the future high-efficient biomass-fired power plants. This requires improved properties, such as higher yield strength, creep strength and high-temperature corrosion resistance, as well as structural integrity and safety. Also, the number of start-and-stop cycles will increase, leading to demands on increased material performance under cyclic loading, both from thermal and mechanical loads.Heat resistant austenitic alloys, such as austenitic stainless steels and nickelbased alloys, possess excellent mechanical and chemical properties at the elevated temperatures and cyclic loading conditions of today's biomass-fired power plants. Today, some austenitic stainless steels are design to withstand temperatures up to 650• C in tough environments. Nickel-based alloys are designed to withstand even higher temperatures. Austenitic stainless steels are more cost effective than nickel-based alloys due to a lower amount of expensive alloying elements. However, the performance of austenitic stainless steels at the elevated temperatures of future operation conditions in biomassfired power plants is not yet fully understood.This thesis presents research on the influence of long term high-temperature ageing on mechanical properties, the influence of very slow deformation rates at high-temperature on deformation, damage and fracture, and the influence iii of high-temperature environment and cyclic operation conditions on the material behaviour. The research has been conducted on several commercial heat resistant austenitic alloys. Mechanical testing, such as impact toughness tests, uniaxial tensile tests at elevated temperatures using various strain rates and creep-fatigue interaction tests, has been performed. Also, thermal testing such as long term ageing and thermal cycling in a water vapour environment has been performed. The mechanical and thermal testing have been followed by subsequent studies of the microstructure, using scanning electron microscopy, to investigate the deformation, damage and fracture mechanisms as well as the precipitation and corrosion behaviours.Results shows that long term ageing (up to 10 000 hours) at high temperatures (up to 700• C) leads to the precipitation of intermetallic phases. These intermetallic phases are brittle at room temperatu...

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“…Todavia, a operação e o processamento dessa liga em certas faixas de temperatura (490ºC a 900ºC por um certo tempo) [1] é um problema, já que ocorre a formação de carbonetos do tipo M23C6 no contornos de grãos, podendo haver a formação de carbonetos de cromo (Cr23C6) e, consequentemente, empobrecendo de cromo a região ao redor ,deixando os contornos de grão susceptíveis a corrosão, ocorrendo a chamada corrosão intergranular. O controle da temperatura no processamento deste material, portanto, é de grande importância para manter as suas propriedades originais da liga referente à corrosão [2,3]. Além disso, a liga de aço inoxidável AISI 316 pode apresentar problemas de desgaste adesivo e deformação plástica severa quando posta em contato com materiais de durezas mais elevadas.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Análise Do Desgaste Na Interface De Pares Tribológicos Formados Pelo Aço Ferramenta Aisi M2 Nitretado a Plasma E Aço Inoxidável Aisi 316

Travi¹,

Souza²,

Brunholi³

et al. 2017

Anais Do Congresso Anual Da ABM

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ResumoOs problemas gerados no processamento do aço inoxidável AISI 316 são um grande problema do setor metal mecânico, por exemplo, no processo de usinagem, onde o material sofre altas taxas de deformação plástica e elevadas temperaturas na região de contato ferramenta-peça. Além disso, a adesão de aço inoxidável em materiais de maior dureza, no caso a ferramenta, também são problemas enfrentados. Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo qualitativo em escala laboratorial do contato entre um material de maior dureza (aço AISI M2 nitretado a plasma) e o aço AISI 316. Foram realizados ensaios de microdureza Vickers e rugosidade afim de caracterizar as amostras de aço AISI M2. Ensaios tribológicos do tipo Ball-on-Plate foram realizados com a finalidade de determinar o coeficiente de atrito ao longo do tempo para os pares tribológicos formados. Análises feitas via MEV/EDS foram feitas tanto nas trilhas geradas nas superfícies das amostras quanto nas esferas, para detectar pontos de adesão, deformação plástica e transferência de material entre as duas superfícies. Ficou comprovado que a nitretação a plasma com gaiola catódica proporcionou um menor coeficiente de atrito ao longo do tempo quando posta em contato com a esfera de aço inoxidável, bem como foi possível observar a formação de uma menor quantidade de pontos de adesão de aço inoxidável para esta superfície. Palavras-chave: Tribologia; Nitretação a plasma; Usinagem; Coeficiente de atrito. ANALYSIS OF WEAR IN THE TRIBOLOGICAL PAIRS INTERFACE FORMED BY PLASMA NITRIDED AISI M2 STEEL AND AISI 316 STAINLESS STEEL AbstractProblems generated in stainless steel AISI 316 processing are a serious issue of the metalmechanical industry sector, for example, at the machining process, in which the material undergoes high strain rates and high temperatures on the tool-piece interface. Furthermore, the stainless steel adhesion in the harder material (the tool) are also an encountered problem. This work was done a qualitative study in laboratory scale of the contact between a higher hardness material (plasma nitrided AISI M2) and the stainless steel AISI 316. In order to characterize the AISI M2 samples, measurements of Vickers and surface roughness were done for every sort of nitrided surface. Ball-on-Plate tribological tests were carried out to determine the friction coefficient over the time for the tribological pairs. The generated trails and the worn spheres were characterized by SEM and energy dispersive x-Ray analysis to detect points of adhesion, plastic deformation and material transfer between the surfaces. It was proven that the cathodic cage plasma nitriding resulted in a lower friction coefficient when in contact with the stainless steel sphere, moreover it was possible to observe the formation of fewer bonding points of stainless steel at this kind of surface.

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Intergranular corrosion of AISI 316L steel

Cited by 100 publications

References 4 publications

Structural analysis and intergranular corrosion tests of AISI 316L steel

Structural analysis and intergranular corrosion tests of AISI 316L steel

On High-Temperature Behaviours of Heat Resistant Austenitic Alloys

Análise Do Desgaste Na Interface De Pares Tribológicos Formados Pelo Aço Ferramenta Aisi M2 Nitretado a Plasma E Aço Inoxidável Aisi 316

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