Intergranular cavitation in stressed metals

Greenwood, John; Miller, David R.; Suiter, J.

doi:10.1016/0001-6160(54)90166-2

Cited by 167 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…The IG damage observed in this study, although it was much larger than the lattice defect or the microvoids, was common to the results of Nagumo and Takai such that the damage was formed by the slip affected by hydrogen. In relation to the IG crack initiation, there were many reports except for the fracture surface of fatigued metals in hydrogen gas (5), (6) , for example, 'hydrogen embrittlement' such as delay fracture (20)~ (22) , SCC (23) , creep fracture at elevated temperature (24), (25) , temper embrittlement (26) , etc. In these reports, the IG fracture mechanism is explained by hydrogen diffusion and concentration in the grain boundary (22) , slip localization near the grain boundary (20) , impurity segregation (23), (26), (27) , and IG slip (24), (28) , respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Mechanism for Intergranular Fatigue Crack Propagation of Low Carbon Steel JIS S10C in Hydrogen Gas Environment

Nishikawa

Oda

Nishikawa

2011

JMMP

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In order to investigate the mechanism for the intergranular fatigue crack propagation of a low carbon steel in a low pressure hydrogen gas environment, two kinds of examinations were carried out. One examined the effect of the cyclic pre-strain on the crack growth behavior. The other was the in-situ observation of intergranular fatigue crack propagation in a hydrogen gas environment. The main results are as follows. (1) SEM observation of the specimen surface morphology of a plain specimen fatigued in hydrogen gas showed that a gap at the grain boundary was induced by slip behavior, but not in nitrogen gas. (2) A specimen cyclic-prestrained in hydrogen gas showed slight influences on the increase in the crack propagation rate. (3) Mating intergranular facets on the fatigue fracture surfaces showed the matching of a striation-like pattern in the manner anticipated from the damage mechanism of (1). (4) The environment-change test from hydrogen to nitrogen during the fatigue test showed that intergranular facets appeared even in nitrogen. Results (3) and (4) suggests that the damaging process of (1) is valid in an actual fatigue crack. (5) In-situ observation of the crack propagation behavior in hydrogen gas showed that a crack propagated faster along the grain boundary. However, no visible discontinuous crack advances appeared as a large number of load repetitions was required. Phenomena considered to be a damage process (1) appeared ahead of a crack tip. Based on these results, a convincing mechanism for the intergranular fatigue crack propagation process is as follows. Grain boundaries just ahead of a crack tip are damaged due to the large number of hydrogen-enhanced slip repetitions, therefore, the fatigue crack becomes easier to propagate along the grain boundary in hydrogen.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Mechanism for Intergranular Fatigue Crack Propagation of Low Carbon Steel JIS S10C in Hydrogen Gas Environment

Nishikawa

Oda

Nishikawa

2011

JMMP

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“…This type of embrittlement is usually detected by a The fracture process in creep is initiated either by the nucleation of a wedge-shaped (w -type) crack at grain -boundary triple points or by the formation of r-type cavities (or voids) on the grain boundaries which are nearly normal to the applied stress axis. The wedge-shaped cracks are the preferred mode at lower temperatures and higher stress levels whereas cavitation dominates at slow strain rates, higher temperatures, and lower stresses.l 59 , 160 It is the nucleation, growth, and gradual link-up of these cavities which is directly associated with the characteristic features of premature failure in creep embrittlement mentioned above.l 61 Figure 43 shows a classic example of such cavitated grain boundaries, in this case the prior austenite boundaries. This is taken from Cane's work 162 on 2.25 Cr-Mo steel heat treated to a fully bainitic microstructure and creep tested under constant load conditions at 565°C and a stress of 139 MN/m 2 .…”

Section: Creep Cavitation and Stress Rupturementioning

confidence: 99%

Intergranularfailure in steel: the role of grain-boundary composition

Briant¹,

Banerji²

1978

International Metals Reviews

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“…Generally, the intermediate temperature embrittlement of pure copper and copper alloys is caused by intergranular failure due to cavities nucleated on the grain boundaries. It is thought that the nucleation of cavities on the grain boundaries is caused by boundary sliding and piling-up of the dislocations on the grain boundaries through the slip line in the grains [3,[22][23][24]. Boundary sliding and the diffusion of the defects to the grain boundaries occur more easily with increasing temperature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ductility of Ultra High Purity Copper

Fujiwara

Abiko

1995

J. Phys. IV France

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Abstract. The ductility of ultra-high purity copper at elevated temperatures was investigated : purity 99.9999% (6N) and 99.999999% (8N). Tensile tests were conducted at temperatures ranging from 293K to 1073K at strain rates of 4.2~10-~ s-l in a high vacuum. The results are discussed in comparison with those for 99.9% (3N) copper.Ductility at intermediate temperatures was improved by an increase in purity. The temperature at which ductility dropped decreased with increases in purity. Even at the ultra-high purity of 8N, a small ductility drop was observed at 423K. A small number of micro voids were observed on the grain boundaries of 8N specimens after the test at 423K. 6N and 8N copper have nearly same sulphur content of about 0.015 ppm. The intermediate temperature embrittlement of these coppers might be affected not only by sulphur content, but also by total impurity content.

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Intergranular cavitation in stressed metals

Cited by 167 publications

References 1 publication

Investigation of Mechanism for Intergranular Fatigue Crack Propagation of Low Carbon Steel JIS S10C in Hydrogen Gas Environment

Investigation of Mechanism for Intergranular Fatigue Crack Propagation of Low Carbon Steel JIS S10C in Hydrogen Gas Environment

Intergranularfailure in steel: the role of grain-boundary composition

Ductility of Ultra High Purity Copper

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