Intercontinental Movement of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4 Virus to the United States, 2021

Bevins, Sarah N.; Shriner, Susan A.; Cumbee, James C.; Dilione, Krista E.; Douglass, Kelly E.; Ellis, Jeremy W.; Killian, Mary Lea; Torchetti, Mia Kim; Lenoch, Julianna B.

doi:10.3201/eid2805.220318

Cited by 127 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The first North American infections with HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b were from samples collected in November 2021 in Canada and late December 2021 in the US (18,19). Phylogenetic analysis supports at least one incursion of H5 2.3.4.4b via the Atlantic flyway (20,21). As of July 13, 2022, there have been 126 federally reported wild bird detections in New England (Fig.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 80%

Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in New England Seals

Puryear

Sawatzki

Hill

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The recent incursion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) virus into North America and subsequent dissemination of virus across the continent, has had significant adverse impacts on domestic poultry, and has led to widespread mortality in many wild bird species. Here we report the recent spillover of H5N1 into marine mammals in the northeastern United States, with associated mortality on a regional scale. This spillover is coincident with a second wave of H5N1 in sympatric wild birds also experiencing regional mortality events. Viral sequences derived from both seal and avian hosts reveal distinct viral genetic differences between the two waves of infection. Spillover into seals was closely related to virus from the second wave, and one of eight seal-derived sequences had the mammalian adaptation PB2 E627K.

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Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 80%

Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in New England Seals

Puryear

Sawatzki

Hill

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…The nucleotide sequence was edited by using the Seqman module of the DNAStar package. The HA gene tree was generated with the HA of 263 H5 viruses bearing clade 2.3.4.4b HA, including 250 viruses (eight H5N6 human viruses, 22 H5N8 representative viruses, and 220 H5N1 representative viruses) reported previously by us and others [ 10 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 22–25 ] and 13 H5N1 viruses detected in China in this study. Phylogeographic analysis was performed using an asymmetric continuous-time Markov chain with Bayesian stochastic search variable selection implemented in BEAST (v1.10.4) [ 26 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, these H5N8 viruses reassorted with other avian influenza viruses and formed H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, and H5N6 viruses [ 11 , 14 , 15 ]. Unlike the H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, and H5N6 viruses, each of which has only been detected in countries of one or two continents, the H5N1 viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene have spread to many countries in Europe, Africa, Asia, and America since they emerged in October 2020 in the Netherlands [ 16–19 ]. During our routine surveillance of poultry in China, H5N1 viruses bearing the HA of clade 2.3.4.4b were detected in wild birds and domestic poultry between September 2021 and March 2022, indicating that, like the H5N8 viruses [ 10 , 20 ], the H5N1 viruses have been introduced into China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global dissemination of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene and biologic analysis of the ones detected in China

Cui

Shi

Wang

et al. 2022

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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H5N1 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin gene have been widely circulating in wild birds and are responsible for the loss of over 70 million domestic poultry in Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America since October 2020. During our routine surveillance, 13 H5N1 viruses were isolated from 26,767 wild bird and poultry samples that were collected between September 2021 and March 2022 in China. To investigate the origin of these Chinese isolates and understand their genetic relationship with the globally circulating H5N1 viruses, we performed a detailed phylogenic analysis of 233 representative H5N1 strains that were isolated from 28 countries. We found that, after they emerged in the Netherlands, the H5N1 viruses encountered complicated gene exchange with different viruses circulating in wild birds and formed 16 genotypes. Genotype one (G1) was predominant, being detected in 22 countries, whereas all other genotypes were only detected in one or two continents. H5N1 viruses of four genotypes (G1, G7, G9, and G10) were detected in China; three of these genotypes have been previously reported in other countries. The H5N1 viruses detected in China replicated in mice, with pathogenicity varying among strains; the G1 virus was highly lethal in mice. Moreover, we found that these viruses were antigenically similar to and well matched with the H5-Re14 vaccine strain currently used in China. Our study reveals the overall picture of H5N1 virus evolution and provides insights for the control of these viruses.

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“…HPAIV H5N1 has emerged through uncertain pathways and drivers as the dominant HPAIV subtype (over previous H5N8 viruses) that is causing extensive infections across Europe since late 2021 and has even spread across the Atlantic to Newfoundland and extended its range into the United States ( 7 , 8 ). The pattern of the rapid spread of the B1 and B2 sublineages of HPAIV H5N1 in migratory wild birds despite the preceding major epizootic affecting the same metapopulations of wild birds just half a year earlier has not been observed in Europe previously but may be due to unknown fitness advantages of the B1 and B2 HPAIVs ( 9 ).…”

Section: Consequences Of the Expected Increase And Extent Of Hpaiv In...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Has Epizootic Become Enzootic? Evidence for a Fundamental Change in the Infection Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Europe, 2021

Pohlmann

King

Fusaro

et al. 2022

mBio

115

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Phylogenetic evidence from the recent resurgence of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b, observed in European wild birds and poultry since October 2021, suggests at least two different and distinct reservoirs. We propose contrasting hypotheses for this emergence: (i) resident viruses have been maintained, presumably in wild birds, in northern Europe throughout the summer of 2021 to cause some of the outbreaks that are part of the most recent autumn/winter 2021 epizootic, or (ii) further virus variants were reintroduced by migratory birds, and these two sources of reintroduction have driven the HPAI resurgence.

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Intercontinental Movement of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4 Virus to the United States, 2021

Cited by 127 publications

References 12 publications

Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in New England Seals

Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in New England Seals

Global dissemination of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene and biologic analysis of the ones detected in China

Has Epizootic Become Enzootic? Evidence for a Fundamental Change in the Infection Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Europe, 2021

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