Intercellular movement of plant RNA viruses: Targeting replication complexes to the plasmodesma for both accuracy and efficiency

Abstract

Replication and movement are two critical steps in plant virus infection. Recent advances in the understanding of the architecture and subcellular localization of virus-induced inclusions and the interactions between viral replication complex (VRC) and movement proteins (MPs) allow for the dissection of the intrinsic relationship between replication and movement, which has revealed that recruitment of VRCs to the plasmodesma (PD) via direct or indirect MP-VRC interactions is a common strategy used for cell-to-cell movement by most plant RNA viruses. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of virus-induced inclusions and their roles in virus replication and cell-to-cell movement, analyze the advantages of such coreplicational movement from a viral point of view and discuss the possible mechanical force by which MPs drive the movement of virions or viral RNAs through the PD. Finally, we highlight the missing pieces of the puzzle of viral movement that are especially worth investigating in the near future.

Optimizing RNAi-Target by Nicotiana benthamiana-Soybean Mosaic Virus System Drives Broad Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus in Soybean

“…Without this dual-utilization of T 1 -plants, many more transgenic plants have to be obtained and used in identifying their resistance. Of course, this procedure may have some issues out of expectation in SMV-resistance identification of non-transgenic soybean germplasm resources, such as the movement of the virus to the system leaves may be blocked in some soybean varieties, where even the inoculated-leaves can be infected by SMV ( Wu and Cheng, 2020 ; Kumar and Dasgupta, 2021 ). In this case, the results of SMV resistance from the detached-leaves might appear false negative.…”

Diversity of Plant Virus Movement Proteins: What Do They Have in Common?

“…The detection of TMV MP in VRC apparently reflects its ability to bind vRNA, as it is produced in the vicinity, as well as the commonality of the location of vRNA replication and translation. This ability to co-localize with VRC is characteristic not only for TMV MP but also for MPs of other plant viruses [4,8,136].…”

“…When evaluating the MS2 and BglG technologies and the ability of these methods to reflect probable events in a TMV-infected cell, it should be considered that in addition to the MP, the 126-kDa replicase is also involved in cell-to-cell movement [150][151][152][153]. It is known that the TMV RNA [134], as well as the RNA of other RNA-containing plant viruses [136], released from the virion immediately binds to the ER to form VRC. VRCs are trafficked to Pd and are believed to move through Pd to spread infection [18,136].…”

“…It is known that the TMV RNA [134], as well as the RNA of other RNA-containing plant viruses [136], released from the virion immediately binds to the ER to form VRC. VRCs are trafficked to Pd and are believed to move through Pd to spread infection [18,136]. Moreover, it was found that only progeny viral RNA is available for the formation of movement complexes [154].…”

Highly adaptive Phenuiviridae with biomedical importance in multiple fields

“…p4 is a disease-specific protein whose expression is associated with the severity of RSV symptoms [56]. MP of fungiinfecting phenuiviruses and plant-infecting phenuiviruses is vital for them to spread from infected cells to neighboring cells [39,57,58] Terminal sequences of phenuivirus genomic segments are conserved and complementary, likely in a genus-specific manner [39,47,48]. For phleboviruses, they are 5-ACACAAAG……CUUUGUGU-3.…”