Interaction of electron beam with ionic liquids and its application for micropatterning

Rola, Krzysztof; Zając, A.; Szpecht, Andrea; Kowal, Dominik; Cybińska, Joanna; Śmiglak, Marcin; Komorowska, Katarzyna

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110615

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Pattern formation, one of the characteristic features of complex systems that results from orderly self-organization of its moieties, has been a key mechanism for providing unique functionalities to synthetic soft materials. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Harnessing reactiondiffusion (RD) phenomena through external stimuli, has been a prevalent method for creating spatiotemporal ordered clusters of soft matter, including polymer blends, composites, and gels. [8][9][10][11][12][14][15][16] Here, we develop a noninvasive technique that uses electric field to create self-assembled ordered phase morphologies in polymer ionic liquid (PIL) blends via RD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[18] Some of the contactless patterning techniques, such as laser scanning, photolithography, and electron beam lithography, provide more flexibility in terms of pattern replication by directly etching the desired topology onto the substrate using electromagnetic radiation. [1,5,6,19] Here, however, the ordering of domains on the substrate is dependent upon the wavelength of the irradiating beam. [6] In contrast to lithography, recent contactless techniques harness various mechanisms for pattern generation including self-organization, phase separation, surface instabilities, and RD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, ILs have been known to possess remarkable properties such as high ionic conductivity, nonvolatility, high chemical, and thermal stability, and have been used as reaction solvents, media for extraction processes, multifunctional agents, and electrolytes in energy conversion and storage devices. [4][5][6][7]23,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] In addition, it has been demonstrated through simulations that ILs, under the influence of electric field, can change from disordered to ordered states. [30] Incorporation of polymer in ILs, which provides good mechanical strength to the system as an added advantage, [34,43,44] is achieved in two ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First is the synthesis route, wherein one of the IL ions (mostly cations) is a repeating unit connected through a polymeric backbone; these are known as poly(ionic liquid) or polymeric ionic liquids (pILs). [5,7,23,35,[37][38][39][40] Second is the mixing route, in which a polymer and an IL, which exist as separate entities, are combined together to form PIL blends. [6,29,31,44] Although pILs have traditionally been used in many applications, [5,33,35,[37][38][39]44] there usage is sometimes discouraged as these materials are usually not able to fully retain the unique features of ILs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5,7,23,35,[37][38][39][40] Second is the mixing route, in which a polymer and an IL, which exist as separate entities, are combined together to form PIL blends. [6,29,31,44] Although pILs have traditionally been used in many applications, [5,33,35,[37][38][39]44] there usage is sometimes discouraged as these materials are usually not able to fully retain the unique features of ILs. [40] On the contrary, PIL blends are not only relatively easier to produce but also capable of retaining most of the vital features of the IL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation of Ordered Patterns in Electroresponsive Polymer Ionic Liquid Blends

Choudhury

Sairam

Dayal

2022

Macro Theory & Simulations

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Directing reaction-diffusion (RD) phenomena, through the use of external stimuli has been one of the widely used approaches for designing multifunctional soft materials. Using modeling and simulation, it is demonstrated that the nonuniform electric field can be harnessed to create intricate ordered patterns in polymer ionic liquid (PIL) blends. The investigation begins with the establishment of the equilibrium phase diagrams of electroresponsive PIL blends and subsequently, use the Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations to model the kinetics of pattern formation. The simulations reveal that in the presence of nonuniform electric field the ionic liquid (IL) rich domains self-aggregate in high electric field regions. Thus, the ordering of the electric field regions effectively dictates the ordering of the IL-rich phase in the PIL blends. It is also demonstrated that the mechanism of spatiotemporal pattern formation is quite robust and can be dynamically controlled by varying the distribution of electric field. It is believed that the methodology provides a simplistic mechanism for creating ordered patterns in soft materials through RD phenomena that can be exploited for designing other similar stimuli-responsive systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Formation of Ordered Patterns in Electroresponsive Polymer Ionic Liquid Blends

Choudhury

Sairam

Dayal

2022

Macro Theory & Simulations

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β-Irradiation in the presence of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids causes covalent cellulose derivatization with simultaneous nitrogen incorporation

Jusner,

Sulaeva,

Schiehser

et al. 2023

Cellulose

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Abstractβ-Irradiation (“e-beaming”) as well as swelling in ionic liquids, each process by itself, are common pretreatments in biorefinery scenarios. A combination of both, such as occurs with β-irradiation of biomass that was insufficiently washed and still contains traces of ionic liquids, causes covalent derivatization of the contained cellulose and incorporation of nitrogen. The nitrogen uptake occurred only in the presence of the ionic liquid and correlated linearly with both the irradiation dose and the concentration of the contained ionic liquid. The presence of other wood constituents during β-irradiation decreased nitrogen uptake, but did not prevent it. The derivatization of cellulose did not depend on the degree of crystallinity, but appeared to depend on the content of oxidized groups (carbonyl functionalities), also with a linear correlation. Future work must now clarify the mechanism of this reaction and the influence of other wood constituents, and address the possible potential of e-beaming in the presence of imidazolium ionic liquids for cellulose chemistry.

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Focused Electron Beam Micro- and Nanopatterning of Thin Films Derived from Sol–Gels Based on TiO₂ Precursors for Planar Photonics

Rola,

Duda,

Gorantla

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an attractive material for planar photonics; thus, the fabrication of TiO2 micro- and nanostructures has been a topic of many reports in recent years. In this work, we have presented systematic studies on focused electron beam (e-beam) micro- and nanopatterning of sol–gel-derived layers based on different alkoxide precursors of TiO2 stabilized with benzoylacetone (BzAc). The e-beam method is a flexible high-resolution technique, whereas the use of the sol–gel process, which utilizes precursors of titania in the condensed phase, enables lower electron doses in comparison to gas-phase precursors from injection systems. As the sol–gel process is relatively complex, we analyzed the effect of different process parameters on the patterning. It has given us insight into the phenomena related to the e-beam irradiation of sol–gel-derived layers based on titanium alkoxide precursors. We have examined patterned films using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and profilometry. We have shown that the role of the alkoxy chain length in the processing of sol–gel-derived layers is more significant in the case of alcohol solvents than titania precursors. Moreover, high-resolution periodic nanostructures with steep sidewalls and high aspect ratio can be patterned, especially when the molar ratio of BzAc to titanium alkoxide in sol is increased from 1:1 to 2:1. Although the patterned films have a high concentration of carbon, it can be completely removed by annealing at 500 °C. This heat treatment leads to an increase in the refractive index from 1.59 to 2.11 (at the wavelength of 632.8 nm), but the patterned film turns polycrystalline in the nanoscale, showing the anatase phase of TiO2. The obtained results indicate that the investigated patterning method can be potentially applied for direct writing of planar photonic components with nanoscale features such as grating couplers for sensors. Nevertheless, the fabrication of high-quality TiO2 structures still needs optimization.

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Interaction of electron beam with ionic liquids and its application for micropatterning

Cited by 10 publications

References 56 publications

Formation of Ordered Patterns in Electroresponsive Polymer Ionic Liquid Blends

Formation of Ordered Patterns in Electroresponsive Polymer Ionic Liquid Blends

β-Irradiation in the presence of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids causes covalent cellulose derivatization with simultaneous nitrogen incorporation

Focused Electron Beam Micro- and Nanopatterning of Thin Films Derived from Sol–Gels Based on TiO₂ Precursors for Planar Photonics

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Interaction of electron beam with ionic liquids and its application for micropatterning

Cited by 10 publications

References 56 publications

Formation of Ordered Patterns in Electroresponsive Polymer Ionic Liquid Blends

Formation of Ordered Patterns in Electroresponsive Polymer Ionic Liquid Blends

β-Irradiation in the presence of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids causes covalent cellulose derivatization with simultaneous nitrogen incorporation

Focused Electron Beam Micro- and Nanopatterning of Thin Films Derived from Sol–Gels Based on TiO2 Precursors for Planar Photonics

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Product

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Focused Electron Beam Micro- and Nanopatterning of Thin Films Derived from Sol–Gels Based on TiO₂ Precursors for Planar Photonics