Inter-Correlation among the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance, Surfactant System, Viscosity, Particle Size, and Stability of Candelilla Wax-Based Dispersions

Abstract

<jats:p>Owing to a decrease in mineral oil resources, it is crucial to develop packaging materials based on renewable resources. Hence, a water vapor-barrier coating is developed as a natural wax-based dispersion. This dispersion should be stable over the storage time. In this study, the physical stability of a wax-based melt dispersion was analyzed (24 h and 21 days after production), and instability phenomena such as agglomeration, coalescence, and flotation were identified. Furthermore, the inter-correlations among the particle size, viscosity of the continuous phase, physical stability, surfactant chemistry, and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance value were characterized. Particle sizes were described by volume/surface mean d3,2, volume moment mean d4,3, and number mean d1,0 diameter, as well as the span of the volume and number distribution. Stability was characterized by the flotation rate, emulsion stability index, and Turbiscan stability index. Coalescence and agglomeration were not observed after the solidification of the wax particles. A significant correlation was observed for the emulsion stability index, with d3,2, and for flotation rate, with d1,0, d4,3, and viscosity as well, with d1,0, d3,2. Surfactants with hydrophilic–lipophilic balance values of 11–13.5 seem to be the most suitable for stabilizing candelilla wax-in-water suspensions. Particles were smaller, and wax suspensions were better stabilized using Tween 20 and Span 20, compared with Tween 80 and Span 80.</jats:p>

Nanoencapsulation of clove oil and study of physicochemical properties, cytotoxic, hemolytic, and antioxidant activities

“…It restricted the particle growth effectively by creating repulsive interaction between oil droplets at the interfacial layer. The chemical and steric structure of the surfactants also influence the size and intensity of the droplets/particles (Lindner, Bäumler, & Stäbler, 2018).…”

“…It restricted the particle growth effectively by creating repulsive interaction between oil droplets at the interfacial layer. The chemical and steric structure of the surfactants also influence the size and intensity of the droplets/particles (Lindner, Bäumler, & Stäbler, 2018). The CON prepared with Tween 20 and 40 showed broad peaks with wide distribution of particles in the size range of 80–900 nm along with peaks in the range 3500–6500 nm (or 3.5–6.5 μm).…”

Nanoencapsulation of clove oil and study of physico-chemical properties, cytotoxic, haemolytic and antioxidant activities

“…It restricted the particle growth effectively by creating repulsive interaction between oil droplets at the interfacial layer. The chemical and steric structure of the surfactants also influence the size and intensity of the droplets/particles [22]. The CON prepared with Tween 20 and 40 showed broad peaks with wide distribution of particles in the size range of 80-900 nm along with small height peaks in the range 3500-6500 nm (or 3.5-6.5 µm).…”

Fast Dissolving Electrospun Nanofibers Fabricated from Jelly Fig Polysaccharide/Pullulan for Drug Delivery Applications

“…At higher HLB values, the conductivity of the solution gets increased due to the association of the hydrophilic head with the water molecule [ 45 ]. The HLB is a quantity of the hydrophilic portion of a surfactant molecule that delivers a simple procedure to designate the strength of the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of surfactant [ 47 , 48 ]. The balance of the hydrophilic and lipophilic groups of the surfactant molecule is similarly imperative viscosity and conductivity of the electrospinning solution [ 47 ].…”

“…The HLB is a quantity of the hydrophilic portion of a surfactant molecule that delivers a simple procedure to designate the strength of the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of surfactant [ 47 , 48 ]. The balance of the hydrophilic and lipophilic groups of the surfactant molecule is similarly imperative viscosity and conductivity of the electrospinning solution [ 47 ]. The addition of nonionic surfactants is crucial due to the presence of a hydrophilic head to increase the conductivity of the solution [ 45 ].…”