Intellectual Deterioration in the Psychoses

Direct measurement of differential cognitive deficit in acute schizophrenia.

“…The schizophrenics showed the most deterioration on PA, AR, ACS, CI, and ARC, or the tests requiring nonverbal, perceptual organization, and spatial functions. This pattern upholds previous quantitative evidence (Altman & Shakow, 1937;Babcock, 1930Babcock, , 1933Babcock, , 1941Davidson, 1938Davidson, , 1939Hall, 1951;Harbinson, 1937;Hunt & French, 1949;Klehr, 1949;Lidz, Gay, & Tietze, 1942;Malamud & Palmer, 1938;Rabin, 1944;Rapaport, Gill, & Schafer, 1945;Schwartz, 1932;Simmins, 1933;Wells & Kelley, 1920;Wittman, 1933) that verbal comprehension tends to resist deterioration during schizophrenia.…”

Direct measurement of differential cognitive deficit in acute schizophrenia.

“…The schizophrenics showed the most deterioration on PA, AR, ACS, CI, and ARC, or the tests requiring nonverbal, perceptual organization, and spatial functions. This pattern upholds previous quantitative evidence (Altman & Shakow, 1937;Babcock, 1930Babcock, , 1933Babcock, , 1941Davidson, 1938Davidson, , 1939Hall, 1951;Harbinson, 1937;Hunt & French, 1949;Klehr, 1949;Lidz, Gay, & Tietze, 1942;Malamud & Palmer, 1938;Rabin, 1944;Rapaport, Gill, & Schafer, 1945;Schwartz, 1932;Simmins, 1933;Wells & Kelley, 1920;Wittman, 1933) that verbal comprehension tends to resist deterioration during schizophrenia.…”

Psychometric pattern of schizophrenics on the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test.

“…The writer finds it difficult to understand and reconcile these divergent findings. Most studies with the Binet have consistently pointed to poor performance on questions involving practical judgment, such as the Comprehension test demands [10,14,23], so that the report of Magaret, Rapaport and this study are further evidence on this point, whereas Rabin's and Weider's reports are contrary to the usual results. Rabin's study on retests of schizophrenics [20] reveals an extremely low correlation between initial and subsequent standing on Comprehension, and it may be that the divergencies among reports by different investigators merely reflect the marked fluctuations characteristic of schizophrenics on this particular test.…”

“…One of the purposes of test analysis in terms of psychometric pattern is to increase our understanding of the psychological processes involved in the psychoses and to discover test patterns characteristic of the disorders, which may serve as a psychiatric aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of cases. Investigations prior to 1939 [1,5,11,14,23] made intensive use of the Stanford-Binet Scale, but it became increasingly obvious that the construction of this test makes it an unwieldy instrument for pattern determination. The Wechsler-Bellevue Scale, published in 1939, has proved to be more favorably designed for pattern analysis since it is a point scale rather than an age scale, and is, moreover, standardized upon adults, thereby making available a large body of results from normal subjects of varying ages.…”

Intellectual deficit in organics and schizophrenics.

“…Indeed, scores on Recall I, Digits Reversed, Recall II, and Wechsler-Bellevue Vocabulary seem to reflect only behavioral accessibility and do not differentiate organics from schizophrenics at all. This would suggest that findings of vulnerability of, for example, digit span [1,2,15] in organics have been due to behavioral inaccessibility rather than specifically to brain damage. This further suggests that vocabulary cannot be regarded as resistant to encroachment by disease process and therefore an absolute index to premorbid level of function when vocabulary is so vulnerable to behavioral inaccessibilbecause of the significant interaction variance and because of the shape of the curves [25], t tests were calculated.…”

Direct measurement of differential cognitive deficit in acute schizophrenia.

“…The schizophrenics showed the most deterioration on PA, AR, ACS, CI, and ARC, or the tests requiring nonverbal, perceptual organization, and spatial functions. This pattern upholds previous quantitative evidence (Altman & Shakow, 1937;Babcock, 1930Babcock, , 1933Babcock, , 1941Davidson, 1938Davidson, , 1939Hall, 1951;Harbinson, 1937;Hunt & French, 1949;Klehr, 1949;Lidz, Gay, & Tietze, 1942;Malamud & Palmer, 1938;Rabin, 1944;Rapaport, Gill, & Schafer, 1945;Schwartz, 1932;Simmins, 1933;Wells & Kelley, 1920;Wittman, 1933) that verbal comprehension tends to resist deterioration during schizophrenia.…”

Psychometric pattern of schizophrenics on the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test.

“…The writer finds it difficult to understand and reconcile these divergent findings. Most studies with the Binet have consistently pointed to poor performance on questions involving practical judgment, such as the Comprehension test demands [10,14,23], so that the report of Magaret, Rapaport and this study are further evidence on this point, whereas Rabin's and Weider's reports are contrary to the usual results. Rabin's study on retests of schizophrenics [20] reveals an extremely low correlation between initial and subsequent standing on Comprehension, and it may be that the divergencies among reports by different investigators merely reflect the marked fluctuations characteristic of schizophrenics on this particular test.…”

“…One of the purposes of test analysis in terms of psychometric pattern is to increase our understanding of the psychological processes involved in the psychoses and to discover test patterns characteristic of the disorders, which may serve as a psychiatric aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of cases. Investigations prior to 1939 [1,5,11,14,23] made intensive use of the Stanford-Binet Scale, but it became increasingly obvious that the construction of this test makes it an unwieldy instrument for pattern determination. The Wechsler-Bellevue Scale, published in 1939, has proved to be more favorably designed for pattern analysis since it is a point scale rather than an age scale, and is, moreover, standardized upon adults, thereby making available a large body of results from normal subjects of varying ages.…”

Intellectual deficit in organics and schizophrenics.

“…Indeed, scores on Recall I, Digits Reversed, Recall II, and Wechsler-Bellevue Vocabulary seem to reflect only behavioral accessibility and do not differentiate organics from schizophrenics at all. This would suggest that findings of vulnerability of, for example, digit span [1,2,15] in organics have been due to behavioral inaccessibility rather than specifically to brain damage. This further suggests that vocabulary cannot be regarded as resistant to encroachment by disease process and therefore an absolute index to premorbid level of function when vocabulary is so vulnerable to behavioral inaccessibilbecause of the significant interaction variance and because of the shape of the curves [25], t tests were calculated.…”

Direct measurement of differential cognitive deficit in acute schizophrenia.

“…The schizophrenics showed the most deterioration on PA, AR, ACS, CI, and ARC, or the tests requiring nonverbal, perceptual organization, and spatial functions. This pattern upholds previous quantitative evidence (Altman & Shakow, 1937;Babcock, 1930Babcock, , 1933Babcock, , 1941Davidson, 1938Davidson, , 1939Hall, 1951;Harbinson, 1937;Hunt & French, 1949;Klehr, 1949;Lidz, Gay, & Tietze, 1942;Malamud & Palmer, 1938;Rabin, 1944;Rapaport, Gill, & Schafer, 1945;Schwartz, 1932;Simmins, 1933;Wells & Kelley, 1920;Wittman, 1933) that verbal comprehension tends to resist deterioration during schizophrenia.…”

Psychometric pattern of schizophrenics on the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test.

“…The writer finds it difficult to understand and reconcile these divergent findings. Most studies with the Binet have consistently pointed to poor performance on questions involving practical judgment, such as the Comprehension test demands [10,14,23], so that the report of Magaret, Rapaport and this study are further evidence on this point, whereas Rabin's and Weider's reports are contrary to the usual results. Rabin's study on retests of schizophrenics [20] reveals an extremely low correlation between initial and subsequent standing on Comprehension, and it may be that the divergencies among reports by different investigators merely reflect the marked fluctuations characteristic of schizophrenics on this particular test.…”

“…One of the purposes of test analysis in terms of psychometric pattern is to increase our understanding of the psychological processes involved in the psychoses and to discover test patterns characteristic of the disorders, which may serve as a psychiatric aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of cases. Investigations prior to 1939 [1,5,11,14,23] made intensive use of the Stanford-Binet Scale, but it became increasingly obvious that the construction of this test makes it an unwieldy instrument for pattern determination. The Wechsler-Bellevue Scale, published in 1939, has proved to be more favorably designed for pattern analysis since it is a point scale rather than an age scale, and is, moreover, standardized upon adults, thereby making available a large body of results from normal subjects of varying ages.…”

Intellectual deficit in organics and schizophrenics.

“…Indeed, scores on Recall I, Digits Reversed, Recall II, and Wechsler-Bellevue Vocabulary seem to reflect only behavioral accessibility and do not differentiate organics from schizophrenics at all. This would suggest that findings of vulnerability of, for example, digit span [1,2,15] in organics have been due to behavioral inaccessibility rather than specifically to brain damage. This further suggests that vocabulary cannot be regarded as resistant to encroachment by disease process and therefore an absolute index to premorbid level of function when vocabulary is so vulnerable to behavioral inaccessibilbecause of the significant interaction variance and because of the shape of the curves [25], t tests were calculated.…”