Integrating Research and Theory on Early Relationships to Guide Intervention and Prevention

Morris, Amanda Sheffield; Treat, Amy E.; Hays-Grudo, Jennifer; Chesher, Tessa; Williamson, Amy; Smith, Joel

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03110-7_1

Cited by 12 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Additionally, adversity is a complex, multi-dimensional set of processes that the ACEs framework attempts to simplify. There is an argument to be made that not all ACE categories are equal [42], and that protective processes may be just as important as adverse conditions across the lifespan [43]. The BRFSS does not account for multiple instances of a single adversity category (e.g., multiple instances of sexual abuse may be cumulatively as detrimental as experiencing adversity in multiple categories).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The frequencies and disparities of adverse childhood experiences in the U.S.

2020

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Background Adversity experienced during childhood manifests deleteriously across the lifespan. This study provides updated frequency estimates of ACEs using the most comprehensive and geographically diverse sample to date. Methods ACEs data were collected via BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). Data from a total of 211,376 adults across 34 states were analyzed. The ACEs survey is comprised of 8 domains: physical/emotional/sexual abuse, household mental illness, household substance use, household domestic violence, incarcerated household member, and parental separation/divorce. Frequencies were calculated for each domain and summed to derive mean ACE scores. Findings were weighted and stratified by demographic variables. Group differences were assessed by post-estimation F-tests. Results Most individuals experienced at least one ACE (57.8%) with 21.5% experiencing 3+ ACEs. F-tests showed females had significantly higher ACEs than males (1.64 to 1.46). Multiracial individuals had a significantly higher ACEs (2.39) than all other races/ethnicities, while White individuals had significantly lower mean ACE scores (1.53) than Black (1.66) or Hispanic (1.63) individuals. The 25-to-34 age group had a significantly higher mean ACE score than any other group (1.98). Generally, those with higher income/educational attainment had lower mean ACE scores than those with lower income/educational attainment. Sexual minority individuals had higher ACEs than straight individuals, with significantly higher ACEs in bisexual individuals (3.01). Conclusion Findings highlight that childhood adversity is common across sociodemographic, yet higher in certain categories. Identifying at-risk populations for higher ACEs is essential to improving the health outcomes and attainment across the lifespan.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The frequencies and disparities of adverse childhood experiences in the U.S.

2020

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“…Parents completed the 10-item ACEs survey (Felitti et al, 1998 ) and the 10-item PACEs survey (Morris et al, 2018 ) which assesses experiences through age 18. The ACEs is comprised of 10 items assessing childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relationship factors included in PACEs are (a) unconditional love from a parent or primary caregiver; (b) having a best friend; (c) being part of a social group; (d) volunteering in the community; and (e) having the support of an adult outside of the immediate family, such as a teacher, coach, or trustworthy mentor (see Appendix , and Morris et al, 2018 ). The research is clear that unconditional love from a primary caregiver, often studied as responsiveness or warmth, is of utmost importance in promoting resilient outcomes for children with ACEs and other types of trauma (Baumrind, 1971 ; Morris et al, 2013 ; Steinberg, 2001 ).…”

Section: Protective and Compensatory Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Resources identified as PACEs include (a) living in a home that is clean and safe with enough food to eat, (b) attending a school or having other educational opportunities that provide resources and opportunities to learn, (c) having an engaging hobby, artistic or intellectual pursuit, (d) participating in organized sports or other physical activities; and (e) being part of a family with predictable routines and rules that are administered fairly (Hays-Grudo & Morris, 2020 ; Morris et al, 2018 ). Children who are raised in homes that are clean and safe, have consistent routines and rules, and have enough food to eat experience less anxiety and fewer stressful situations than those children growing up in more chaotic home environments (Evans et al, 2005 ; Masten, 2001 ; Morris et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Protective and Compensatory Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 10-item PACEs survey was created from a review of the developmental literature on resilience and was designed to be administered as a companion to the ACEs survey (for a review, see Hays-Grudo & Morris, 2020). The PACEs survey includes 10 questions focused on two primary dimensions associated with positive development from ages 0-18 years, relationships and resources (Morris et al, 2018). Previous research documents positive associations between nurturing relationships and biobehavioral regulation among children experiencing trauma and adversity (Dozier et al, 2018;Masten et al, 1990;Narayan et al, 2018) and the importance of resources that promote cognitive, social-emotional, and physical development (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 2000;Masten & Coatsworth, 1998;McLoyd, 1998;Syvertsen et al, 2019).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Adverse and Protective Childhood Experiences and Parenting Attitudes: the Role of Cumulative Protection in Understanding Resilience

et al. 2021

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Theory and research indicate that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to negative parenting attitudes and behaviors. We posit that protective and compensatory experiences (PACEs) in childhood buffer the negative effects of ACEs on later parenting. To test this premise, the present study examined associations between ACEs, PACEs, and attitudes towards nurturing and harsh parenting in an ethnically diverse sample of parents with children of various ages (N = 109; 65% mothers, 35% fathers; M age = 38). Parents completed a widely used parenting attitudes questionnaire and the ACEs and PACEs surveys. PACEs were negatively correlated with ACEs and positively correlated with nurturing parenting attitudes and parent income and education levels. Linear regression models indicate that higher PACEs, ACEs, and family income and less harsh parenting attitudes predict nurturing parenting attitudes. In contrast, higher ACEs and less nurturing attitudes were correlated with harsh parenting attitudes. As expected, moderation analyses indicated that the association between ACEs and harsh parenting attitudes was conditional upon the level of PACEs. When PACE scores were low (M-1 SD), but not when PACE scores were average or high (M + 1 SD), ACEs were associated with harsh parenting attitudes, suggesting a buffering effect of PACEs on negative parenting attitudes. These findings support the importance of including protective as well as adverse childhood experiences when assessing the role of childhood experiences on parenting attitudes and practices. Implications of these findings for researchers and practitioners are discussed, as well as new directions for PACEs research using a cumulative protection approach.

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Family Resilience Theory

Henry

Harrist

2022

Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methodologies

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Integrating Research and Theory on Early Relationships to Guide Intervention and Prevention

Cited by 12 publications

References 51 publications

The frequencies and disparities of adverse childhood experiences in the U.S.

The frequencies and disparities of adverse childhood experiences in the U.S.

Adverse and Protective Childhood Experiences and Parenting Attitudes: the Role of Cumulative Protection in Understanding Resilience

Family Resilience Theory

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