Integrated use of hair analysis to investigate the physical fitness to obtain the driving licence: a casework study

Tagliaro, Franco; Battisti, Z. De; Lubli, G.; Neri, Carla; Manetto, Giulia; Marigo, Mario

doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(96)02055-5

Cited by 36 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…When needed, blanks were spiked with suitable amounts of drugs to mimic concentrations usually found in real users (0.5±10 ng/mg). Positive hair samples from real drug users were preliminarily analyzed by our routine methods based on radioimmunoassay screening and HPLC confirmation [15]. Sample treatment was similar to the procedure adopted for HPLC [15].…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Positive hair samples from real drug users were preliminarily analyzed by our routine methods based on radioimmunoassay screening and HPLC confirmation [15]. Sample treatment was similar to the procedure adopted for HPLC [15]. In short, hair samples were first washed with an aqueous solution of 0.3% Tween-20 (20 mL, two times), in order to remove the lipids and potential contaminants present on the surface.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The FASS increase in the injected amount of sample allowed the recording of UV spectra from the peaks, which are overimposable onto the spectra from standards. Figure 5 shows the electropherograms of a hair sample from a real user of heroin (containing 0.22 ng/mg of morphine according to a validated HPLC method [15]) after direct liquid-liquid extraction. On the basis of migration times and UV spectra, codeine and morphine were identified, at levels of 0.07 and 0.20 ng/mg, respectively.…”

Section: Application Of Fass To Hair Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field-amplified sample stacking — capillary zone electrophoresis applied to the analysis of opiate drugs in hair

et al. 2000

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The present paper describes the methodological optimization and validation of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for the determination of major opiates (morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, acetylcodeine, heroin) in hair samples by using a field-amplified sample stacking injection before the separation in a binary running buffer (0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 2.5, with 40% ethylene glycol). The applied potential was 20 kV, at 25 degrees C. Detection was by UV absorption at the fixed wavelength of 214 nm or by recording the full spectrum between 190-400 nm, thus improving the analytical selectivity and identification power of CZE. Hair samples were liquid/liquid extracted; dried extracts, reconstituted with a low-conductivity solvent (0.1 mM phosphoric acid, with 80% 1-propanol), were injected by electromigration at 10 kV for 99 s, after a 0.5 mm plug of water. Under the described conditions, the limit of detection (with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3) in hair extracts was 100 pg/mL for codeine, 75 pg/mL for morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), 150 pg/mL for ethylmorphine, and 0.75 ng/mL for acetylcodeine and heroin. The precision of the method was validated for standards in pure solution by using internal standardization, providing for intraday and day-to-day assays, in terms of migration times, relative standard deviation (RSD) values < or = 0.2%, and in terms of peak areas, RSD values <5.71%.

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Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Application Of Fass To Hair Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field-amplified sample stacking — capillary zone electrophoresis applied to the analysis of opiate drugs in hair

et al. 2000

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“…In forensic toxicology, the use of hair analysis in drug overdose deaths has been extensively investigated . More recently, the monitoring of abstinence when re‐granting a driving licence has made use of hair as the biological matrix of choice in some countries . Typically, several hair samples are taken during the observation period and subjected to segmental analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segmental analysis of amphetamines in hair using a sensitive UHPLC‐MS/MS method

Jakobsson

Kronstrand

2014

Drug Testing and Analysis

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A sensitive and robust ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for quantification of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine in hair samples. Segmented hair (10 mg) was incubated in 2M sodium hydroxide (80°C, 10 min) before liquid-liquid extraction with isooctane followed by centrifugation and evaporation of the organic phase to dryness. The residue was reconstituted in methanol:formate buffer pH 3 (20:80). The total run time was 4 min and after optimization of UHPLC-MS/MS-parameters validation included selectivity, matrix effects, recovery, process efficiency, calibration model and range, lower limit of quantification, precision and bias. The calibration curve ranged from 0.02 to 12.5 ng/mg, and the recovery was between 62 and 83%. During validation the bias was less than ±7% and the imprecision was less than 5% for all analytes. In routine analysis, fortified control samples demonstrated an imprecision <13% and control samples made from authentic hair demonstrated an imprecision <26%. The method was applied to samples from a controlled study of amphetamine intake as well as forensic hair samples previously analyzed with an ultra high performance liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS) screening method. The proposed method was suitable for quantification of these drugs in forensic cases including violent crimes, autopsy cases, drug testing and re-granting of driving licences. This study also demonstrated that if hair samples are divided into several short segments, the time point for intake of a small dose of amphetamine can be estimated, which might be useful when drug facilitated crimes are investigated.

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“…Analysis of drugs in hair may therefore be a better means to control drug abstinence since drugs taken during the time of hair growth will be present even long time after drug administration [9][10][11]. Most papers published on driving license regranting are from Italy [12][13][14][15][16] even though legislation that allows (or have mandatory) hair testing is present in several European countries [11]. Recently, Polla et al [16] reported hair as superior to urine when disclosing cocaine use and Stramesi et al [15] found the use of segmental analysis to evaluate past drug use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%