Integrated three-electrode screen-printed sensor modified with bismuth film for voltammetric determination of thallium(I) at the ultratrace level

Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review

“…Bismuth film electrodes (BiFEs) are among the most employed electrodes in the determination of trace heavy metals. 25,40,50,83,181,197,233,235,[245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259][260] In addition to its low toxicity and the ability to form alloys with other metals, bismuth has a wide potential range, which allows BiFEs to have comparable analytical performance to the mercury electrodes in trace heavy metal analysis. 7,243,244 The film can be electrochemically deposited directly on the electrode surface from the solution containing both the modifier and the analytes (in situ preparation) or through film deposition before the electrode is introduced in the sample solution (ex situ preparation).…”

“…In the studies published in the last five years, bismuth was almost always in situ electrodeposited on the electrode surface, with only a few exceptions. 197,248 Trace heavy metal analysis has been performed either with just BiFEs 247,248,252,253,[255][256][257]260 or with electrodes modified with a Bi-film combined with other materials and/or compounds, including with different NMs, 25,50,83,181,256 Nafion and GO, 40,83,233,235,250 as well as doping of the Bi-films with boron or indium. 245,259 Various other metals, including Sb, [261][262][263][264] Cu, [265][266][267] Au, 268 Pb, 269 and Hg, 260 have also been electrodeposited on different types of electrodes.…”

“…7,12,243 In the last five years, the research was focused on preparing two main types of film electrodes, i.e. , metallic- 25,40,50,83,181,197,233,235,245–273 and polymeric-film electrodes. 77,91,94,95,141,210,217,220,223–230,274–276 However, the combination of metallic (Bi) and polymer films ( i.e.…”

Paper-Based Working Electrodes Coated with Mercury or Bismuth Films for Heavy Metals Determination

“…Bismuth and mercury films have been successfully formed on glassy carbon, carbon paste and screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) [11,31,[44][45][46][47][48][49], for the determination of heavy metals such as Cd (II), Pb (II) or Cu (II), and they were also successfully applied to the determination of Tl (I) [50]. Recent trends in analytical chemistry encourage the development of simpler alternatives that could also be used in developing countries.…”

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Tl(I) Determination with the Use of a Solid Bismuth Microelectrode

“…One of the crucial factor that affects voltammetric measurements is a selection of working electrode. In the course of thallium ions a variety of working electrodes was utilized for its determination: hanging mercury drop or mercury film electrode, 2,3 bismuth and antimony film electrodes, [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] tin film sensor, 12 electrodes modified with various nanomaterials like ionic liquid and graphene, 13 ionic imprinted polymer and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, 14 lignosulfonate-stabilized gold nanoparticles 15 and screen-printed carbon nanofiber-modified electrode. 16 A special type of electrochemical sensors are solid metal electrodes.…”