“…The ESG ratings are important indicators of corporate social responsibility and affect default rates, total risks and special risks (Sassen et al, 2016), valuations, reputations (Galletta et al, 2023) and complete factor productivity (Deng et al, 2023). Meanwhile, enterprises often improve ESG ratings in order to establish good corporate images for investors, creditors, and the public, such as through reasonable capital structures, institutional investors visiting corporate websites (Jiang et al, 2022), institutional ownership heterogeneity (Wang et al, 2023), and enterprise digitalization (Fang et al, 2023). According to Chen and Xie (2022) and DasGupta (2022), ESG disclosure more positively impacts a company's financial performance when it has ESG investors, a longer history, higher media attention, and higher agency costs.…”