Insights into the genomic evolution and the alkali tolerance mechanisms of Agaricus sinodeliciosus by comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses

Abstract

Agaricus sinodeliciosus is a rare wild edible mushroom from northwest China, and grows naturally in mild saline-alkali soil, which is also unusual in mushrooms. A. sinodeliciosus represents a potential model organism for explaining saline-alkali tolerance mechanisms and revealing related physiological processes in mushrooms. Here, we provide a high-quality genome of A. sinodeliciosus. Comparative genomic analyses reveal A. sinodeliciosus has numerous changes to its genome organization after a solitary evolutionary history under saline-alkali environments, such as gene family contraction, retrotransposon expansion and rapid evolution of adaptative genes. Our saline and alkali tolerance tests show that mycelium growth and fruit body formation of this species are effected by mild alkalinity. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that genes involved in carbon and nitrogen utilization, cell stability and fruit body formation of A. sinodeliciosus could be activated under mildly alkaline conditions. In particular, the ‘starch and sucrose metabolism’, ‘biosynthesis of amino acids’ and ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’ pathways are important for mildly alkaline tolerance of A. sinodeliciosus. Like plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in the rot fungus A. sinodeliciosus, the biosynthesis of intracellular small molecules could be enhanced to counter osmotic and oxidative stresses caused by mild alkalinity, and the biosynthesis of monolignol could be suppressed to increase cell wall infiltrates under mildly alkaline conditions. This research provides an understanding of the genomic evolution and mechanisms of A. sinodeliciosus in tolerance to saline-alkali environments. The A. sinodeliciosus genome constitutes a valuable resource for evolutionary and ecological studies of Agaricus.

Chemical Structures, Biological Activities, and Biosynthetic Analysis of Secondary Metabolites from Agaricus Mushrooms: A Review

“…burnettii H119, have had their genomes successfully documented. Furthermore, the genomes of A. bitorquis , which possesses a distinctively shaped fruiting body, and A. sinodeliciosus , a rare edible fungus, have also been recently published. These data sets hold immense value in exploring the growth, development, and biosynthesis processes of Agaricus mushrooms.…”

“…Currently, the only three sesquiterpenes found in Agaricus mushrooms are compounds 68 – 70 , all of which belong to the drimenol type. To identify DMS cyclases in Agaricus mushrooms, four sesquiterpene cyclases from A. bisporus , 14 sesquiterpene cyclase candidates obtained from the genomes of A. bitorquis and A. sinodeliciosus through the use of antiSMASH, and four DMS cyclases − were subjected to evolutionary tree-based cluster analysis. A sesquiterpene synthase from A. sinodeliciosus (EVM0004191) formed a distinct clade with the four identified DMS cyclases and shared a similar sequence to DMS cyclases (DrtB and AsDMS) and drimenol diphosphate ( 75 ) cyclases (SsDMS and ScDMS) at comparable genetic distances (Figure A).…”

Comparative Genomic Analysis and Metabolic Potential Profiling of a Novel Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium rajendrae (Basidiomycota)

“…This research will further contribute to their medical use and industrial development. Furthermore, the genome sequencing of some precious wild edible fungi, including Pleurotus giganteus [13], Agaricus sinodeliciosus [14] and A. bitorquis [15], will also promote the strain breeding and artificial cultivation of these species.…”