Insights into Long-Term Toxicity of Triclosan to Freshwater Green Algae in Lake Erie

Abstract

This study explored the long-term impacts of a pulse disturbance of triclosan on five nontarget green algae in Lake Erie. Comprehensive analyses were performed using multiple physiological end points at community and subcellular scales. The toxic mechanism of triclosan in a wide range of concentrations was analyzed. The diverse sensitivity of algae species and complex interrelationships among multiple end points were revealed. The results showed the taxonomic groups of algae were the key issue for sensitivity difference. High doses of triclosan caused irreversible damage on algae, and environmentally relevant doses initiated either inhibition or stimulation. Smaller cells had higher sensitivity to triclosan, while larger cells had a wider size variation after exposure. Colonial cells were less sensitive than unicells. For chlorophyll, there were better dose−response relationships in Chlorococcum sp., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CPCC 12 and 243 than Asterococcus superbus and Eremosphaera viridis. For chlorophyll fluorescence, F v /F m was the most sensitive parameter, and q N was more sensitive than q P . Triclosan showed long-term effects on biochemical components, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The findings will be helpful for a systematic and complete assessment of triclosan toxicity in natural waters and the development of appropriate strategies for its risk management.

Determination and ecological risk assessment of two endocrine disruptors from River Buffalo, South Africa

“…Daphnia or water flea is a freshwater planktonic crustacean often found pelagic, predatorily by fish while algae are primary producers in the ecosystem and their photosynthetic machinery has been reported to be adversely affected by TCS (Eriksson et al 2015). The loss of the photosynthetic ability of the algae following exposure to TCS may lead to acidification of the river water (Xin et al 2019) as the result of CO 2 build-up. TCS induced concentration-dependent Wang et al 2013Shen et al 2012Loraine and Pettigrove 2006Kolpin et al 2002 nd, not detected genotoxicity has also been reported in certain species of algae namely Asterococcus superbus and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Xin et al 2019) which abound in freshwater such as the Buffalo River.…”

“…The loss of the photosynthetic ability of the algae following exposure to TCS may lead to acidification of the river water (Xin et al 2019) as the result of CO 2 build-up. TCS induced concentration-dependent Wang et al 2013Shen et al 2012Loraine and Pettigrove 2006Kolpin et al 2002 nd, not detected genotoxicity has also been reported in certain species of algae namely Asterococcus superbus and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Xin et al 2019) which abound in freshwater such as the Buffalo River. These instances are capable of producing a negative shift in the balance of the ecosystem.…”

Toxicological effects induced by the biocide triclosan on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

“…TCS toxicity studies with diverse algae (not including P. subcapitata) are reported (Ciniglia et al, 2005;Almeida et al, 2017;Xin et al, 2019a). This biocide promotes the reduction of chlorophyll concentration (Pan et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2020), perturbs photosynthesis (Ciniglia et al, 2005;Xin et al, 2019a) and increases membrane permeability (González-Pleiter et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2020). In addition to these effects, a reduction of algal biovolumes/size was reported for several spherical algae (Xin et al, 2017(Xin et al, , 2019a.…”

“…This biocide promotes the reduction of chlorophyll concentration (Pan et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2020), perturbs photosynthesis (Ciniglia et al, 2005;Xin et al, 2019a) and increases membrane permeability (González-Pleiter et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2020). In addition to these effects, a reduction of algal biovolumes/size was reported for several spherical algae (Xin et al, 2017(Xin et al, , 2019a. Due to its high sensitivity and the unawareness of the toxic effects promoted by this biocide on P. subcapitata, this alga appears as a good aquatic model organism, of lower trophic level, to be used in the elucidation of the TCS mechanisms of toxicity, on non-target organisms.…”

Effect of Water Surface Area on the Remotely Sensed Water Quality Parameters of Baysh Dam Lake, Saudi Arabia

“…If the lake at Baysh Dam start to develop such harmful algae colonies on its surface in the presence of sunlight and shortage of rainfalls, the developing of harmful algae could be uncontrolled and pollutes the soil and ground water [9].…”