Insensitive High Explosives: III. Nitroguanidine – Synthesis – Structure – Spectroscopy – Sensitiveness

Koch, Ernst‐Christian

doi:10.1002/prep.201800253

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…The model substance of this work, nitroguanidine (NQ, CH 4 N 4 O 2 , CAS no. 556-88-7), is an important ingredient of rocket propellants and three-base propellants . The NQ crystal with a high bulk density is desirable to improve the particle mixing property and even the combustion performance. , In aqueous solutions without additives, the NQ crystal is in a needle-like shape with a large aspect ratio, which causes the inevitable stacking voids and is a disadvantage to the consolidation of grains and the uniform distribution in the kneading process .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation between Two Types of Spherulitic Growth: Tuning the Morphology of Spherulitic Nitroguanidine in a Gelatin Solution

Yang

Cui

Chen

et al. 2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Spherulitic growth, categorized as central multidirectional growth and unidirectional growth via small-angle branching, has increasingly been explored as a method to improve the flowability and bulk density of needle-like crystals. However, the formation of two categories of spherulites in solutions is still unclear. In this work, the formation mechanism of two categories of spherulite was studied in a supercooled nitroguanidine (NQ) aqueous solution with a small amount of gelatin. It is proposed that spherulitic growth depends on the initial morphology of the crystallite, wherein the gelatin concentration, temperature, and initial supersaturation play a vital role. Gelatin can significantly inhibit NQ nucleation, promote branching, and modify the morphology of NQ subunits. At high initial supersaturation and low temperatures, the aspect ratio of the crystal precursor increases and branching is accelerated, so that the lateral faces provide more branching sites than the end faces to promote the unidirectional growth. In comparison, high temperatures promoting the multipoint branching should be mainly responsible for the formation of cauliflowerlike spherulites. Furthermore, the bulk densities of the cauliflower-like and compact spherulites of NQ are about triple those of needle-like crystals and their evolutions were observed. Compared with the reported methods, the macromolecule-induced spherulitic growth of NQ without an organic solvent is a green method and will have a bright future for the design and fabrication of other organic spherulites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation between Two Types of Spherulitic Growth: Tuning the Morphology of Spherulitic Nitroguanidine in a Gelatin Solution

Yang

Cui

Chen

et al. 2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Nitroguanidine acts as an effective stabilizer in gun and rocket propellants [117] and is compatible with many other energetic materials including nitrate esters, ammonium perchlorate (AP) [47, 118], hydrazinium nitroformate [119], TNAZ [120], DINA [121], HMX, RDX, TNT, ADN, FOX‐7, FOX‐12 [46]). This behaviour can be attributed to both the mild basicity of NGu [1] as well as its ability to form strong hydrogen bonds stabilizing other covalent or ionic compounds [1].…”

Section: Gun Propellantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nitroguanidine (NGu) (Figure 1) is an available, inexpensive, sustainable energetic material that thanks to its energy content and due to its extreme low sensitiveness [1] fulfils multiple roles as high explosive [2], ingredient in gun and missile propellants and pyrotechnics. Though it has been in use as an energetic filler in gun propellants for over 100 years and has been used intensively in missile propellants and similar applications for over 50 years there lacks a contemporary review of its combustion and deflagration properties and the vulnerability of the corresponding formulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insensitive High Explosives: V. Ballistic Properties and Vulnerability of Nitroguanidine Based Propellants

Koch¹

2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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This paper reviews the ballistic properties, stability and vulnerability of gun propellants, gas generators and rocket propellants containing nitroguanidine (NGu), CAS−No [556‐88‐7] as an energetic filler. Nitroguanidine and its formulations burn stable over a broad pressure regime extending from subatmospheric to high pressures (0.1 kPa–400 MPa). Its high nitrogen content (53.83 %) and oxygen balance (Ω=‐30.75 %) effects a high gas pressure in gun propellants combined with low explosion temperature and consequently low signature and reduced erosion. NGu is an effective stabilizer for a broad array of energetic materials encountered in gun and rocket propellants including AP, ADN, HMX, RDX, NGl and also materials with low thermal stability such as NC, HNF, TNAZ and ADN. Finally, the low vulnerability of NGu‐based propellant formulations makes them taylor made to serve insensitive munitions. This review covers 31 NGu‐based rocket and gas generating propellant formulations, 44 gun propellants, five of which contain guanylurea dinitramide, (GuDN, FOX‐12), CAS−No [217464‐38‐5] for comparison, four reference propellants containing neither of the aforementioned ingredients and six combustible cartridge case formulations based on NGu. In addition, the combustion properties of pure NGu, pure GUDN and NGu modified with 17 different catalysts are revised. The review contains 142 references from the public domain.

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“…The detonation performances of ANQ and other common energetic materials for comparison are shown in Table 1, including nitroguanidine (NQ, 2 ), 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX, 3 ), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT, 4 ), and 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7, 5 ) (Figure 2) [18,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. ANQ, as a suitable replacement for the high-energy explosive RDX, has similar detonation performances to NQ, RDX and FOX-7 and superior detonation performance to TNT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in terms of reactivity and spectroscopic data, the structure of NQ is not a nitramine ( B ), but a nitrimine ( A ), as seen in Figure 3. This fact suggests that ANQ is a nitrimine structure as well [23]. Due to the misunderstanding of the structure of ANQ, it has long been considered as an amphoteric substance [19,42,43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Reactivity of 1-Amino-2-Nitroguanidine (ANQ)

Wang

Cai

Zhao³

et al. 2019

Molecules

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1-Amino-2-nitroguanidine (ANQ) is a high-energy nitrogen-rich compound with good detonation properties and low sensitivities. ANQ has only a central carbon atom with three small groups around it, including an amino, a hydrazine and a nitroxyl group. Though the molecular structure of ANQ is very simple, its reactivity is surprisingly abundant. ANQ can undergo various reactions, including reduction reaction, acylation reaction, salification reaction, coordination reaction, aldimine condensation reaction, cyclization reaction and azide reaction. Many new energetic compounds were purposely obtained through these reactions. These reactions were systematically summarized in this review, and detonation properties of some energetic compounds were compared. In the field of energetic materials, ANQ and some derivatives exhibit good application prospects.

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Insensitive High Explosives: III. Nitroguanidine – Synthesis – Structure – Spectroscopy – Sensitiveness

Cited by 25 publications

References 102 publications

Transformation between Two Types of Spherulitic Growth: Tuning the Morphology of Spherulitic Nitroguanidine in a Gelatin Solution

Transformation between Two Types of Spherulitic Growth: Tuning the Morphology of Spherulitic Nitroguanidine in a Gelatin Solution

Insensitive High Explosives: V. Ballistic Properties and Vulnerability of Nitroguanidine Based Propellants

A Review on the Reactivity of 1-Amino-2-Nitroguanidine (ANQ)

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