Innovative methods to monitor rock and mountain slope deformation

Abstract

Displacement rates of mountain slope deformations that can affect entire valley mountain flanks are often measured spatially distributed in‐situ without spatial significance. The spatially explicit measurement and recording of time series of slope deformations is a challenge, as the unstable slopes are often disintegrated into several subdomains, which move with different deformation rates. The current state‐of‐the‐art monitoring systems detect slow to very slow deformation rates between mm/a and several m/a. Using the examples of slope deformations in Saalbach‐Hinterglemm and the deep rock slide Marzellkamm in Austria this paper presents the results of terrestrial laser scans, extensometer measurements, Spaceborne InSAR data, unmanned Aerial System Photogrammetry (UAS‐P), and fixed‐point measurements. The different measurements complement each other and are optimally aligned for different application areas. InSAR data can help to identify hot spots on regional and local scale, while UAS‐P enables for spatially high level accuracy in the detection of subdomains moving at different speeds. For local warning systems TLS, extensometers and GBInSAR deliver higher accuracy.

Linking the Remote Sensing of Geodiversity and Traits Relevant to Biodiversity—Part II: Geomorphology, Terrain and Surfaces

“…Remote sensing (RS)-aided derived in monitoring examples in terrain and surfaces, aeolian geomorphology, fluvial geomorphology and coastal geomorphology landslides and their traits. Mountain types, relief types, relief classes IKONOS OSA 3/M , DHM25 3/R , GTOPO30-DEM 3/R , LiDAR 2/L [330][331][332] Volcano types (volcanic full forms),volcanoes, lava flow fields, hydrothermal alteration, geothermal explorations, heat fluxes, volcanoes hazard monitoring Doves-PlanetScop, Terra/Aqua MODIS 3/M , EO-1 ALI 3/M , Landsat-8 OLI 3/M/TIR , Terra ASTER 3/M/TIR , MSG SEVIRI 3/M/TIR , LiDAR 2/L [333][334][335][336][337] Mountain hazards, mass movement (rock fall probability, boulders, denudation, mass erosion, rock decelerations, rotation changes, slope stability, rock shapes, particle shapes, patterns, structures, faults and fractures, holes and depressions) InSAR 3/R , SAR 3/R , LiDAR 2/L , Digital Orthophoto 1/RGB [338][339][340][341][342][343][344][345][346][347] Landslide chances, landslide evolution Digital Orthophoto 1/RGB [348] Above ground-chances, disturbances Opencast mining, sand mining and extraction, tipping, dumps TanDEM-X 3/R , SRTM DEM 3/R , ALOS PALSAR 3/R , ERS-1 3/R , GeoEye GIS 3/M , WorldView-3 Imager 3/M , IKONOS OSA 3/M , Landsat-5 TM/-7 ETM+/-8 OLI 3/M/TIR , IRS-P6 LISS-III 3/M , High resolution satellite data of Google 3/M , LiDAR 2/L [349][350][351][352][353][354][355] Vegetation traits as proxy of the geochemical parameters HyMAP 2/H [356] Below ground-chances, disturbances Salt mines, fracking ERS-1/-2 3/R , ASAR 3/R , ALOS PALSAR 3/R , Landsat-5 TM/-7 ETM+/-8 OLI 3/M/TIR [113,357] Table 5. Cont.…”

Anticipating an imminent large rock slope failure at the Hochvogel (Allgäu Alps)

“…Detailed monitoring of landslides and the understanding of underlying mechanisms are crucial for reasonable warning thresholds and reliable forecasting [6,7]. World wide, several local landslide early warning systems (EWS) are operative, including active examples in Europe (for a review see [8]).…”

“…World wide, several local landslide early warning systems (EWS) are operative, including active examples in Europe (for a review see [8]). Besides a few case studies with wellmoni tored instable rock slopes like Piz Cengalo (CH) [9] or Marzellkamm (AT) [7] in metamorphic rock, case studies from natural carbonate rock slopes within an alpine set ting are very rare. The Hochvogel is paradigmatic of natu ral slope failure dynamics and therefore a benchmark site for testing a multimethod risk assessment and developing an effective EWS.…”