Innovations in craniofacial bone and periodontal tissue engineering – from electrospinning to converged biofabrication

Abstract

From a materials perspective, the pillars for the development of clinically translatable scaffoldbased strategies for craniomaxillofacial (CMF) bone and periodontal regeneration have included electrospinning and 3D printing (biofabrication) technologies. Here, we offer a detailed analysis of the latest innovations in 3D (bio)printing strategies for CMF bone and periodontal regeneration and provide future directions envisioning the development of advanced 3D architectures for successful clinical translation. First, the principles of electrospinning applied to the generation of biodegradable scaffolds are discussed. Next, we present on extrusion-based 3D printing technologies with a focus on creating scaffolds with improved regenerative capacity. In addition, we offer a critical appraisal on 3D (bio)printing and multitechnology convergence to enable the reconstruction of CMF bones and periodontal tissues. As a future outlook, we highlight future directions associated with the utilisation of complementary biomaterials and (bio)fabrication technologies for effective translation of personalised and functional scaffolds into the clinics.

A Highly Ordered, Nanostructured Fluorinated CaP‐Coated Melt Electrowritten Scaffold for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration

“…Recent advances associated with the development of scaffolds that provide desirable functionalities, including antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and regenerative attributes by means of the incorporation of drugs and/or biologics, as well as engineering tools to devise defect-specific scaffolds, have been witnessed. [3][4][5] Significant progress has been made that leverages the electrospinning (solution-based) nanotechnology for the fabrication of versatile biodegradable scaffolds with 3D nanofibrous microstructure resembling the extracellular matrix (ECM) of native tissues. [6] However, this method fails to generate scaffolds with patient-specific geometries that address the 3D architectural complexity of periodontal defects.…”

Personalized and Defect-Specific Antibiotic-Laden Scaffolds for Periodontal Infection Ablation

“…68 Notably, acidic byproducts resultant from scaffold/membrane degradation are usually a common cause of clinical failure due to increasing inflammatory responses. 16,69,70 Significant control of the inflammatory condition in the periodontal defect presents the most favorable environment for bone formation and subsequently induces periodontal regeneration in the proposed rat model. At 2 weeks, all groups revealed statistically significant more new bone in the defect site when compared to the auto-healing control, but only In vivo effect of the antibiotic-laden scaffolds on bone regeneration.…”

“…Generally speaking, the presence of polymeric scaffolds within bone defects promotes the release of inflammatory cytokines, which, in turn, can hinder tissue healing . Notably, acidic byproducts resultant from scaffold/membrane degradation are usually a common cause of clinical failure due to increasing inflammatory responses. ,, …”

Perspective Chapter: Additive Manufactured Zirconia-Based Bio-Ceramics for Biomedical Applications

“…AM is one of the most widely used techniques in recent times, and it is capable of building three-dimensional (3D) complex geometric structures with high dimensional precision and within a short manufacturing time. 3D objects with high levels of complexity and structural architectures are fabricated by stacking up the materials layerwise using simulated design files [22,23]. AM is also known as 3D printing, solid free-form fabrication, and rapid prototyping.…”