Injudicious Provision of Subtherapeutic Doses of Antibiotics in Community
            Pharmacies

Amin, Mohamed Ezzat Khamis; Amine, Amira; Newegy, Mohammad Shoukry

doi:10.24926/21550417.1352

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…The overall pooled estimation of self-medication of drugs was 53.6% (95% CI: 0.93% -1.08%), and there was a low heterogeneity and the P-value of the entire population sampled was found to be = 1.000 (df = 12) ( Figure 2). This local estimate was similar to earlier estimate reported in Egypt (65%, 95% CI 56-74) and Bosnia (58%, 95% CI 49-66) [26][27]. However, it was lower than estimates in India (66%, 95% CI 60-72) and Brazil (74% 95% CI 65-82) [28][29].…”

Section: Incidence Of Self-medication and The Commonly Used Type Of Dsupporting

confidence: 89%

Epidemiology of Self-Medication Practice among Libyans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Atia¹

2020

Preprint

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Background and Objectives: In Libya, prescription medicines can easily be dispensed without a prescription, as self-medication with the subsequent of potential misuse and unnecessary risk for patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis explored the prevalence of self-medication among citizens in Libya. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, EMBASE, Medline, Scopus, google scholar and ResearchGate databases for studies published in Libya reporting the prevalence of non-prescription use of medicines in community pharmacies, targeting studies published from Jan 2008 until Dec 2019. A random meta-analysis was performed to analyze pooled estimates of non-prescription usage of medicines. Results: Out of 63 articles identified, a total of 13 papers from 7 cities were met the inclusion criteria and involved a total of 4741 subjects. The overall pooled proportion of self-medication of drugs was 53.6% (95% CI: 0.93% - 1.08%), with low heterogeneity and the P-value of the whole population tasted was found to be = 1.000 (df = 12). Seven out of the 13 studies reported data on self-medication for antibiotics without prescription. The records ranged from 15.3% (95% CI 0.61–1.65) in Misurata to 76.6% (95% CI 0.80–1.25) in Tripoli. Conclusion: Self-medication use of medicines among Libyan population is a common phenomenon involving a high proportion use of antibiotics. This misuse of medications could enhance the development and spread of antibiotic resistance.

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Section: Incidence Of Self-medication and The Commonly Used Type Of Dsupporting

confidence: 89%

Epidemiology of Self-Medication Practice among Libyans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Atia¹

2020

Preprint

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“…1 In developing countries the problem is more challenging due to frequent dispensing of antibiotics at drug stores without prescription. 21 Also, use of antibiotics without performing antibiotic susceptibility testing and the thus inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics that was observed in this study. Other factors include the uncontrolled use in agriculture and livestock.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Vancomycin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a rural setting, Egypt

Elsayed

Ashour

Amine

2018

Germs

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Introduction With the increased occurrence of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), the consumption of vancomycin, the drug of choice, has also increased. As a consequence, strains of S. aureus resistant to vancomycin have started to emerge. This study aimed to evaluate the level of vancomycin resistance among clinical and nasal S. aureus isolates in a rural town in Egypt. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was held in the general hospital at the rural town of Kafr Eldawar in Egypt, during the period from January 2013 to January 2014. S. aureus isolates were collected from clinical samples and from nasal swabs. Results Two hundred S. aureus isolates were collected, 80 (40%) from clinical samples and 120 (60%) from nasal carriage samples. Vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA) was only detected in clinical samples, all collected from the outpatient clinic. Eleven VRSA isolates (13.8% of total S. aureus clinical isolates) and one strain of vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (from nasal carriage) were detected. VRSA isolates were most resistant to ciprofloxacin (90.9%) and erythromycin (81.8%). Five isolates were resistant to all tested antibiotics: ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, linezolid, oxacillin, penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. MRSA was found to constitute 43.8% of clinical S. aureus isolates. The MRSA colonization rate among community individuals was 43.6%, 42.9% among healthcare workers and 51.4% among patients. Conclusion The prevalence of VRSA was high in clinical samples suggesting that there is a high level of VRSA strains in Egypt that goes undetected since most laboratories only use disk diffusion for detection of vancomycin resistance. Keywords Antibiotic resistance, methicillin resistant S. aureus, vancomycin resistant S. aureus

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“…Although over the counter sale of antibiotics is common in the developed world, this practice is more noticeable in developing countries like Ethiopia, where regulation strategies are too weak [9, 10]. A study conducted in Alexandria, Egypt, shows that 65.4% of community pharmacies have sold antibiotics without a prescription [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Over the Counter Sale of Antibiotics at Drug Stores Found in Mizan-Aman Town, Southwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Simulated Client Visit Study

Damisie

Hambisa

Yimam

2019

Journal of Pharmaceutics

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Background. Antibiotics are crucial drugs, particularly in the developing world, where infectious diseases are a common cause of death. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics have driven the emergency of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which in turn leads to a loss of efficacy of these drugs. This study aimed to assess the professional practice on OTC sale of antibiotics at community drug retail outlets found in Mizan-Aman town. Methods. A cross-sectional simulated client visit study was conducted among community drug retail outlets found in Mizan-Aman town, Southwest Ethiopia, from 14 to 28 March, 2018. Currently, there are 18 commercially licensed community drug retail outlets in Mizan-Aman town and the study was undertaken on all drug retail outlets. Each drug retail outlet was visited once by investigators who simulated inflicting clinical scenario according to simulated client method pharmacy surveys. Three different clinical scenarios were chosen and, in each of the three cases, three levels of demand were used to obtain the antibiotic. The findings of the study were entered, cleared, coded, and stored into Epi Info version 3.5.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Windows version 21) and the collected data were compiled and presented as descriptive statistics using tables and figures. Results. Most, 17 (94.4%), of drug stores out of the total 18 in which all three clinical scenarios were allotted were issued antibiotics without a need of medical prescription with three different levels of demands. Antibiotics were sold without a prescription in most (94.4%) of drug stores in which a urinary tract infection clinical scenario was presented. Similarly, antibiotics were obtained without a prescription for acute diarrhea from 16 (88.9%) drug stores. With respect to sore throat simulation, antimicrobial drugs were obtained without a prescription from 14 (77.8%) drug stores. Commonly dispensed antibiotics were Metronidazole (50.0%), Ciprofloxacin (38.9%), and Amoxicillin (71.4%) for acute diarrhea, urinary tract infection, and sore throat case scenarios, respectively. Only 1 drug store (5.5%) refused to dispense any kind of antibiotics. Conclusion. The results of this study demonstrate that nonprescription sales of antibiotics were highly pronounced in contrary to national guidelines regarding this practice. Most of antibiotics were dispensed without a prescription when the simulator asked any medication to alleviate his/her symptoms.

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Injudicious Provision of Subtherapeutic Doses of Antibiotics in Community Pharmacies

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Cited by 8 publications

References 19 publications

Epidemiology of Self-Medication Practice among Libyans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Epidemiology of Self-Medication Practice among Libyans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Vancomycin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a rural setting, Egypt

Over the Counter Sale of Antibiotics at Drug Stores Found in Mizan-Aman Town, Southwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Simulated Client Visit Study

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