Initial Growth Mode, Nanostructure, and Molecular Stacking of a ZnPc:C60 Bulk Heterojunction

Abstract

The initial growth modes of ZnPc films is examined, revealing the previously undescribed nanoscale crystal structure evolution and the nanograins of the ZnPc:C60 mixed layers in the thin films. Initially, the ZnPc molecules are stacked in the preferred γ(200) configuration, similar to the structures of CuPc. The ZnPc thin film growth display 2D planar to 3D island growth after the initial compressive strain had relaxed in films 7–8 MLs thick. 3D island formation decreases the prevalence of the preferred ordering in the γ(200) crystals. The ZnPc films consist of randomly distributed ellipsoid nanograins during the initial growth stages. The ellipsoid nanograins transition to an ordered state later in the growth process. Insertion of C60 changes the preferred molecular stacking of ZnPc, and β(100) forms in the ZnPc:C60 layers fabricated at room temperature, which is usually observed at high annealing temperatures (200 °C) in a single ZnPc film. The ellipsoid ZnPc nanograins also retain their shapes in the ZnPc:C60 mixed layers. The formation of β(100) and the presence of ellipsoid nanograins in the mixed layer are related to improvements relative to planar devices in the organic photovoltaic device performance.

Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Optical Properties of Tetra(Imidazole) of Palladium (II) Phthalocyanine

“…For PdPc(Im) 4 films deposited on FTO, the band gap energy was evaluated based on the study of the absorption graph and the graph described by Tauc [ 86 ]. In the literature [ 87 ], the obtained band gap energy related to direct transitions in the material is 3.62 eV. The SEM images in Figure 10 a shows the morphology of the PdPc(Im) 4 on the FTO.…”

Temperature‐Dependent Evolution of Poly(3‐Hexylthiophene) Type‐II Phase in a Blended Thin Film

“…The angular spread of the P3HT crystals was obtained by examining circular line cuts of the 2D GI‐SAXS data, as shown in Figure . The angular spread of the type‐I phase was about 17.4°, whereas that of the type‐II phase was 7.8°.…”

Supramolecular self-assembly and photovoltaic property of soluble fluorogallium phthalocyanine

“…8) of ttbPcGaF : PC 61 BM blend lm clearly showed a strong diffraction peak at q z z 3.56 nm À1 , which was assigned to a lamellar phase (d-spacing of 1.76 nm). Although there was slight arcing diffraction corresponding to the other lamellar structure, the strong diffraction peak at q z z 3.56 nm À1 indicated that the worm-like ttbPcGaF domain possessed a relatively more highly ordered crystalline molecular arrangement, [56][57][58] which was not disrupted by the blend composite of PC 61 BM. Accordingly, the high PCEs of ttbPcGaF : PC 61 BM based device are attributable to the nanoscale phase separation and predominant ordered crystalline of worm-like domains, which greatly benet charge separation and transportation.…”