Initial equilibration of albumin in rabbit hindpaw skin and lymph

Powers, Michael R.; Wallace, James R.; Bell, D. R.

doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1988.254.1.h89

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…By assuming that the interstitial volume is approximately 10% of the wet weight of the tissue and that all HA is in the interstitium, using the above quoted figures of 5.6-8.7 mg ml K1 by Macphee (1998) and Castor & Green (1968), the excluded volume constituting the EVPA compartment in the rat papillary interstitium may be 15-20% or an even somewhat-higher fraction of the interstitial volume, given that the 25 ml g K1 excluded volume was estimated by Ogston & Phelps (1960) for an extrapolated zero HA concentration. The existence of more than one compartment in the interstitium of various tissues has been suggested also by Bell et al (1978) and Powers et al (1988).…”

Section: The Two-compartment Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 86%

Two fluid compartments in the renal inner medulla: a view through the keyhole of the concentrating process

Pinter

Shohet

2006

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Approximately four decades ago, the countercurrent theory became influential in studies on the concentrating process in the mammalian kidney. The theory successfully represented the concentrating process in the outer medulla, but the problem of the concentrating mechanism in the inner medulla, as defined by Homer Smith has remained essentially intractable. In a recent comprehensive review by Knepper and coworkers of various theories and models, attention was refocused on the possible role of hyaluronate (HA) in the inner medullary concentrating process. The authors proposed a hypothesis that HA can convert hydrostatic pressure to concentrating work.Here, we briefly survey the earlier ideas on the role imputed to HA and present a new hypothesis which is different from that of Knepper and coworkers. We estimate that the hydrostatic pressures available in the inner medulla can account only for a very small fraction of the concentrating work. We hypothesize that the role of HA is tied up with extravasated plasma albumin and suggest that owing to the property of HA solutions to exclude other macromolecules, extravasated plasma albumin and HA constitute two fluid compartments in the interstitium in the inner medulla. In this proposed two-compartment model, the Gibbs-Donnan distribution influences the movement of ions and water between the HA and the extravasated albumin compartment. To relate the hypothetical role of HA to the concentrating process, we briefly describe new results obtained by other investigators on the accumulation of urea in the inner medulla. This subject has been critically reviewed recently by Yang & Bankir.Many processes have been identified as contributing to the concentrating process in the mammalian inner medulla. We speculate that among these many processes, the primary responsibility for the final concentration of the excreted urine may be portioned out differently in different mammalian species.

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Section: The Two-compartment Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 86%

Two fluid compartments in the renal inner medulla: a view through the keyhole of the concentrating process

Pinter

Shohet

2006

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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“…This supports the presence of “free fluid channels” with diameter in the order of 50-100nm in tissue. Based on these facts, one concludes that the mathematical modeling of interstitial inhomogeneity based on two distinct compartments of tissue may give a more accurate picture [22, 53]. As the existence of the preferential channels is of principal interest for nanoparticles transport, we modified the two-compartment models to describe the case at hand.…”

Section: Influence Of Channels On the Convective Diffusion Of Nanomentioning

confidence: 99%

Convective diffusion of nanoparticles from the epithelial barrier toward regional lymph nodes

Dukhin

Labib

2013

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

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Drug delivery using nanoparticles as drug carriers has recently attracted the attention of many investigators. Targeted delivery of nanoparticles to lymph nodes is especially important to prevent cancer metastasis or infection, and to diagnose disease stage. However, systemic injection of nanoparticles often results in organ toxicity because they reach and accumulate in all the lymph nodes in the body. An attractive strategy would be to deliver the drug-loaded nanoparticles to a subset of draining lymph nodes corresponding to a specific site or organ to minimize systemic toxicity. In this respect, mucosal delivery of nanoparticles to regional draining lymph nodes of a selected site creates a new opportunity to accomplish this task with minimal toxicity. One example is the delivery of nanoparticles from the vaginal lumen to draining lymph nodes to prevent the transmission of HIV in women. Other known examples include mucosal delivery of vaccines to induce immunity. In all cases, molecular and particle transport by means of diffusion and convective diffusion play a major role. The corresponding transport processes have common inherent regularities and are addressed in this review. Here we use nanoparticles delivery from the vaginal lumen to lymph nodes as an example to address the many aspects of associated transport processes. In this case, nanoparticles penetrate the epithelial barrier and move through the interstitium (tissue) to the initial lymphatics until they finally reach the lymph nodes. Since the movement of interstitial liquid near the epithelial barrier is retarded, nanoparticles transport was found to take place through special foci present in the epithelium. Immediately after nanoparticles emerge from the foci, they move through the interstitium due to diffusion affected by convection (convective diffusion). Specifically, the convective transport of nanoparticles occurs due to their convection together with interstitial fluid through the interstitium towards the initial lymph capillaries. Afterwards, nanoparticles move together with the lymph flow along the initial lymph capillaries and then enter the afferent lymphatics and ultimately reach the lymph node. As the liquid moves through the interstitium towards the initial lymph capillaries due to the axial movement of lymph along the lymphatics, the theory for coupling between lymph flow and concomitant flow through the interstitium is developed to describe this general case. The developed theory is applied to interpret the large uptake of Qdots by lymph nodes during inflammation, which is induced by pre-treating mouse vagina with the surfactant Nonoxynol-9 prior to instilling the Qdots. Inflammation is viewed here to cause broadening of the pores within the interstitium with the concomitant formation of transport channels which function as conduits to transport the nanoparticles to the initial lymph capillaries. We introduced the term “effective channels” to denote those channels which interconnect with foci present in the epithelial barrier and whic...

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“…consider protein movement through the gel-like ground substance of connective tissue. This medium is comparable to a two-compartment system having a fast and a slow component (Powers et al 1988). In the fast compartment, composed of so-called nonrestrictive channels, protein flux toward the lymph is unimpeded.…”

Section: Minutes After Injectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations with a residualizing label in use to map the catabolic sites of plasma proteins

Regoeczi

Chindemi²,

Bolyos³

et al. 1994

Biochem. Cell Biol.

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Rat albumin, immunoglobulin G, transferrin, and aglycotransferrin were prepared for the comparison of their sites of degradation in rats. Iodotyramine-cellobiose was used as the residualizing label and a tyrosine-iodinated portion of the corresponding protein was used as the marker of extracellular undegraded protein. Each protein yielded a distinct distribution (or map) of catabolic activity throughout the body when expressed as percent dose accumulated per gram of tissue. The maps for albumin and transferrin were broadly comparable, whereas those for immunoglobulin G and aglycotransferrin were markedly different. As a whole entity, the liver appeared to top the list of organs/tissues contributing to the degradation of albumin and transferrin. Additional experiments aimed at facilitating the interpretation of results with residualizing labels were carried out with denatured albumin, asialofetuin, and human asialotransferrin type 3. These showed that various types of cells retained the label for markedly different periods of time. We feel, therefore, that the technique is more suited for making comparative measurements than for obtaining degradation rates as absolute values in a given anatomical location.

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Initial equilibration of albumin in rabbit hindpaw skin and lymph

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Two fluid compartments in the renal inner medulla: a view through the keyhole of the concentrating process

Two fluid compartments in the renal inner medulla: a view through the keyhole of the concentrating process

Convective diffusion of nanoparticles from the epithelial barrier toward regional lymph nodes

Observations with a residualizing label in use to map the catabolic sites of plasma proteins

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