“…PSE treatments were found to decrease the peak plasma glucose level, suggesting that the phenolic compounds may be delaying the absorption of glucose. Consistent with these findings, peanut skin phenolic fractions, including (+)- catechin, procyanidin A1, and epicatechin-(4β→ 6)-epicatechin-(2β→ 0—>7, 4β→ 8)-catechin (EEC), have been found to decrease glucose uptake in Caco-2 cells [14]. Although the mechanism was not investigated in this study, these phenolic compounds have been found to inhibit glucose transporters in the intestine.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 71%
“…Their antioxidant activity has been reported in various studies through in vitro chemical assays [9, 10,12,13, 15, 26]. However, few studies have examined their biological activity [11, 14, 27, 28]. The present study investigates the biological activity of phenolic extracts from peanut skins through studying their effect on hyperglycemic-induced responses using in vivo and in vitro methods.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…However, there is very limited research on the effect on hyperglycemia. Tamura and others [14] found that peanut skin procyanidins inhibited the activity of alpha-amylase and decreased glucose transport in Caco-2 cells. However, the anti-diabetic effect of peanut skin phenolic compounds has not been reported in human studies.…”
Diabetes affects at least 285 million people globally, and this number continues to increase. Clinical complications include impaired glucose metabolism, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Evidence has shown that natural phenolics play a protective effect on both the development and management of type 2 diabetes. This study evaluated effects of the extract from peanut skins containing polyphenols on induced- hyperglycemia using
in vivo
and
in vitro
methods. A human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) was used to investigate the effect of the peanut skin extract on cell viability after exposure to high glucose concentrations.
In vivo
, the effect of peanut skin extract on an oral glucose tolerance was investigated in human subjects. Fifteen participants aged 21–32 underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with five treatments: 1) 50-gram glucose solution (reference); 2). 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 12 mg of vegi-capsulated maltodextrin; 3) 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 120 mg of vegi-capsulated maltodextrin-encapsulated peanut skin extract; 4). 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 28 grams of unfortified coated peanuts; 5) 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 28 grams of chili lime coated peanuts fortified with encapsulated peanut skin extract. Glucose levels were measured using a continuous monitor. Peanut skin extract was found to attenuate the decrease in cell viability in high glucose treated HepG2 cells, showing a protective effect against hyperglycemia induced cell death. No difference in the glycemic response area under the curve between any treatments using the tolerance test, but the treatment of the peanut skin extract with the glucose reference resulted in a significantly lower peak blood glucose response at 45 minutes, indicating that it was effective at reducing the glycemic response. The present study shows that the phenolic extract of peanut skins has an antidiabetic effect, further confirming their value as a functional food ingredient.
“…PSE treatments were found to decrease the peak plasma glucose level, suggesting that the phenolic compounds may be delaying the absorption of glucose. Consistent with these findings, peanut skin phenolic fractions, including (+)- catechin, procyanidin A1, and epicatechin-(4β→ 6)-epicatechin-(2β→ 0—>7, 4β→ 8)-catechin (EEC), have been found to decrease glucose uptake in Caco-2 cells [14]. Although the mechanism was not investigated in this study, these phenolic compounds have been found to inhibit glucose transporters in the intestine.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 71%
“…Their antioxidant activity has been reported in various studies through in vitro chemical assays [9, 10,12,13, 15, 26]. However, few studies have examined their biological activity [11, 14, 27, 28]. The present study investigates the biological activity of phenolic extracts from peanut skins through studying their effect on hyperglycemic-induced responses using in vivo and in vitro methods.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…However, there is very limited research on the effect on hyperglycemia. Tamura and others [14] found that peanut skin procyanidins inhibited the activity of alpha-amylase and decreased glucose transport in Caco-2 cells. However, the anti-diabetic effect of peanut skin phenolic compounds has not been reported in human studies.…”
Diabetes affects at least 285 million people globally, and this number continues to increase. Clinical complications include impaired glucose metabolism, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Evidence has shown that natural phenolics play a protective effect on both the development and management of type 2 diabetes. This study evaluated effects of the extract from peanut skins containing polyphenols on induced- hyperglycemia using
in vivo
and
in vitro
methods. A human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) was used to investigate the effect of the peanut skin extract on cell viability after exposure to high glucose concentrations.
In vivo
, the effect of peanut skin extract on an oral glucose tolerance was investigated in human subjects. Fifteen participants aged 21–32 underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with five treatments: 1) 50-gram glucose solution (reference); 2). 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 12 mg of vegi-capsulated maltodextrin; 3) 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 120 mg of vegi-capsulated maltodextrin-encapsulated peanut skin extract; 4). 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 28 grams of unfortified coated peanuts; 5) 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 28 grams of chili lime coated peanuts fortified with encapsulated peanut skin extract. Glucose levels were measured using a continuous monitor. Peanut skin extract was found to attenuate the decrease in cell viability in high glucose treated HepG2 cells, showing a protective effect against hyperglycemia induced cell death. No difference in the glycemic response area under the curve between any treatments using the tolerance test, but the treatment of the peanut skin extract with the glucose reference resulted in a significantly lower peak blood glucose response at 45 minutes, indicating that it was effective at reducing the glycemic response. The present study shows that the phenolic extract of peanut skins has an antidiabetic effect, further confirming their value as a functional food ingredient.
“…The red skin of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) contains high levels of polyphenols. We have previously demonstrated the antiallergic, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and antioxidative effects of peanut skin polyphenols [ 7 , 18 , 20 , 21 ]. We also identified procyanidin A1 as a proanthocyanidin dimer and epicatechin-(4β → 6)-epicatechin-(2β → O→7, 4β → 8)-catechin (EEC) as a proanthocyanidin trimer from peanut skin (Fig.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…EEC exhibited a more potent cholesterol micelle-degrading activity compared to procyanidin A1, while (+)-catechin had no activity [ 18 ]. In addition, the inhibitory effects on sugar digestion enzymes and glucose transport were increased as the degree of polymerization increased [ 20 ], and EEC in particular exerted highly hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic effects. Fig.…”
Proanthocyanidins are abundant in peanut skin, and in this study, the antibacterial effects of a peanut skin extract (PSE) against food-borne bacteria were investigated to find its minimum inhibitory concentration. Food-borne gram-positive bacteria, and in particular Bacillus cereus, was more sensitive to PSE. In particular, the inhibitory activity of epicatechin-(4β → 6)-epicatechin-(2β → O→7, 4β → 8)-catechin (EEC), a proanthocyanidin trimer from peanut skin, against B. cereus was stronger than that of procyanidin A1, a proanthocyanidin dimer. DNA microarray analysis of B. cereus treated with EEC was carried out, with a finding that 597 genes were significantly up-regulated. Analysis of the up-regulated genes suggested that EEC disrupted the normal condition of the cell membrane and wall of B. cereus and alter its usual nutritional metabolism. Moreover, treatment of B. cereus with EEC inhibited glucose uptake, suggesting that EEC affects the cell-surface adsorption.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00284-016-1032-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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