“…For example, researchers studying the resistance problem will examine the phenotype by diagnosing the scale and extent of resistance among natural populations (Menchari et al, 2006;Kuester et al, 2015;Okada et al, 2015;D elye et al, 2016;Hicks et al, 2018), and will often pair this with a marker-assisted assessment of genetic differentiation and diversity to examine the likelihood that resistance alleles may migrate between areas via gene flow (Menchari et al, 2007;Okada et al, 2013Okada et al, , 2015Kuester et al, 2015;D elye et al, 2016). Furthermore, and often within the same herbicide-resistant species, researchers will investigate the genetic control of resistance (D elye, 2005;Powles & Preston, 2006;D elye et al, 2013aOkada & Jasieniuk, 2014;Scarabel et al, 2015) whether it is controlled by a single locus or is polygenicand will similarly identify both the genetic and physiological mechanism(s) responsible for resistance (reviewed in D elye et al, 2013a). As an outcome of these highly interdisciplinary, synthetic studies, weed scientists have generated enviable models for studying the adaptive process.…”