Informal employment in Kazakhstan: a blessing in disguise?

Mussurov, Altay; Sholk, Dena; Arabsheibani, G. Reza

doi:10.1007/s40822-018-0117-1

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Kazakh authors reveal the problems of the labor market, but the topic of freelancing remains underexplored. (Tolepbergen, 2022;Mussurov et al, 2019) In general, freelancing in the CIS is actively explored by Higher School of Economics (HSE University) scientists A. Shevchuk and D. Strebkov. In one of their latest works, they point out how the Russian language and specific socio-economic factors facilitate a distinct online labor market that operates across the vast territory of the former Soviet Union and beyond (Shevchuk et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the State Regulation System on the Income of Freelancers

Abdreissova,

Baitenizov

2023

PPAdm

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This article presents the tools with which the state can influence the level of income of freelance professionals in Kazakhstan. Foreign methods and ways of state regulation of the freelance market in terms of freelancers' income, the infrastructure of Kazakhstan's remote work market reviewed and analyzed in this article, identified the main characteristics of independent professionals in 2021: working hours, income level, length of service of freelancers, etc. It is noted that freelancers' incomes depend on the influence of the state policy in the field of education and length of service as a freelancer. The stereotype that the more a freelancer works, the more he earns is refuted. In this case, the well-known eight-hour workday standard established by the state is the most optimal option for freelancers to earn more income, which is confirmed by the data of our study. Information is provided on the educational structure of freelancers, the amount of personal monthly income by type of freelancer employment, the experience of freelancers by type of employment, and the average number of hours allocated to work during the week. Multiple regression models of the dependence of freelancers' pay on their education level, work experience, and number of hours worked per week are presented and analyzed in this article. The authors propose recommendations for state regulation that would ensure an effective impact on the level of freelancers' income both in Kazakhstan and in former Soviet Union.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the State Regulation System on the Income of Freelancers

Abdreissova,

Baitenizov

2023

PPAdm

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“…While classified as a middle-income country, this status does not fully capture the socioeconomic realities of Kazakhstan. Informality clearly stands out as a dominant approach: approximately 2.9 million of Kazakhstan's 8.5 million workers engage in informal employment, with 77% of them being paid employees in registered businesses (Mussurov et al, 2019). In the significant SME sector (accounting for 96.7% of all firms and employing 37.5% of the workforce, OECD, 2020) approximately 40% of formal enterprises compete with informal sector counterparts, viewing this competition as a barrier to their operations (EBRD, 2020).…”

Section: Context and Theoretical Background 21 The Kazakhstani Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Context and Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, a focus on Kazakhstan seems to be a suitable setting for this research: about 81.5% of the population is employed in sectors with productivity around or below the national average, especially in sectors such as trade and agriculture (OECD, 2023). Additionally, small businesses in Kazakhstan often operate on the margins of the so-called shadow economy (Mussurov et al. , 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are small- and medium-sized enterprises more likely to innovate when facing informal competition? Evidence from Kazakhstan

Aguzzi,

Ianole-Calin,

Durst

2024

IJSSP

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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate whether Kazakh small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that claim to compete with the informal sector are more likely to invest in innovation than their competitors who do not perceive such pressure.Design/methodology/approachLogistic regression and classification trees are performed on the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (2018–2020) to examine whether the degree of informal competition correlates with a firm's propensity to innovate.FindingsThe findings show that informal sector competition is a critical factor that shapes the organizational behaviour of Kazakh SMEs. There is a stimulating positive effect of informal competition on both product and process innovation, depending on its perceived intensity.Originality/valueThis study challenges conventional thinking that still views informal sector competition as a barrier to innovation and entrepreneurship by assessing whether innovation is compatible with informal entrepreneurial practice.

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“…In this view, the study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers (2018) found a tight link between the economic prosperity of a state and the occurrence of fraud: for developing countries, 15% of the analyzed financial companies expect an important increase of the invested resources for fraud detection over the next two years, compared to only 9% of the companies from developed countries. The study of Mussurov et al (2019) found that the informal economy characterizes many transition countries belonging to the Eastern part of Europe and to the Central part of Asia. For these countries, they found a percentage that ranges between 20 and 60% of employment to consist of informal jobs.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the Development of Society on Economic and Financial Crime. Case Study for European Union Member States

Achim

Văidean

Borlea

et al. 2021

Risks

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Economic and financial crime is closely related to the changes and the development of societies. In this paper, we question whether the types of economic and financial crimes change as the society develops or not. For our purpose, we use the sample of 27 European Union member countries, for the 2005–2020 time period, which forms an unbalanced panel dataset. The main econometric method is represented by the Pooled OLS method for panel data. Our findings highlight that higher economic and sustainable development determines a reduction in the levels of corruption, shadow economy, and cybercrime. Additionally, we find that increased economic and sustainable development is related to higher levels of money laundering. These findings help governments to understand the way in which various types of economic and financial crimes unfold within different contexts of economic development, in order to implement specific policies for reducing the general level of crimes.

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Informal employment in Kazakhstan: a blessing in disguise?

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

The Impact of the State Regulation System on the Income of Freelancers

The Impact of the State Regulation System on the Income of Freelancers

Are small- and medium-sized enterprises more likely to innovate when facing informal competition? Evidence from Kazakhstan

The Impact of the Development of Society on Economic and Financial Crime. Case Study for European Union Member States

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