Influence of Trichomes in Strawberry Cultivars on the Feeding Behavior of Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Abstract

Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is the predominant aphid in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) production systems in Brazil. This pest species directly damages the plants and is also responsible for spreading viruses. Further, C. fragaefolii often renders strawberry cultivation unviable, because of its high reproductive rate, as well as the large number of individuals generated through parthenogenesis. The present study aimed to (1) evaluate the feeding behavior of C. fragaefolii in four strawberry cultivars (Albion, Aromas, Camarosa, and San Andreas) and (2) identify the resistance factors associated with the number and type of trichomes in the cultivars, and also its effect on the feeding behavior of C. fragaefolii, using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. The results revealed an intrinsic relationship between the number of trichomes on the cultivar and feeding behavior of C. fragaefolii. A higher number of trichomes, both tector and glandular, was observed in Albion compared to that of other cultivars, resulting in a longer no probing (Np) period per insect, and a longer Np phase. A relatively short phloem phase and ingestion time of the phloem sieve elements were also observed in Albion. These results suggest that the trichomes act as a physical barrier creating difficulties for C. fragaefolii to feed, thereby altering its feeding behavior in the four cultivars studied.

Reduction of Plant Suitability for Corn Leaf Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Under Elevated Carbon Dioxide Condition

“…XX to first probe was less affected by carbohydrate or amino acids content of plant. The number of C wave refers to the ease at which aphid moved the stylets from the mesophyll to the phloem (Benatto et al 2018). Feeding on eCO 2 barley seedlings, aphid had a lower frequency of C phase suggested that aphid may reach easier to deep tissues of eCO 2 barley seedlings by penetrating the meristematic tissues, which also supported the view that the aphid has less barriers during stylets insertion into the tissues of eCO 2 barley seedlings.…”

Strawberry genotypes with resistance to Tetranychus urticae mediated by leaf trichomes

“…The density of total trichomes had no influence on the results regarding resistance, as demonstrated by the fact that even though the cultivar Camarosa presented a higher concentration of total trichomes, it was more preferred than Camino Real, indicating that a higher density of glandular trichomes confers resistance in the genotype more efficiently. The glandular trichomes and non-glandular trichomes present on strawberry leaflets are promoters of two-spotted spider mite resistance through constitutive mechanisms (Benatto;Penteado;Zawadneak, 2019;Hata et al, 2020). Resistance in strawberry plants is attributed to constitutive and inductive defense mechanisms that protect against pest attack (Kalec et al, 2017).…”

“…In general, plants with higher trichome densities, especially for glandular trichomes, exhibit greater resistance to pests than plants with a low density of leaf trichomes. Benatto et al (2018) analyzed the density of trichomes on Albion and Aromas strawberry cultivars and found higher numbers of trichomes compared to the Camarosa and San Andreas cultivars. In the present work, the density of trichomes in 'Camarosa' was higher than that observed in 'Albion', and it can be inferred that this characteristic can be highly influenced by the environment.…”

“…In contrast, the plant only expresses induced defense when injury occurs, and this type of resistance directly affect herbivores or natural enemies (Smith;Clement, 2012;Moreira et al, 2018). Trichomes are important constitutive defense mechanisms; there are two types of trichomes described in strawberry plants: glandular and non-glandular trichomes (Benatto;Penteado;Zawadneak, 2019;Hata et al, 2020). The resistance of cultivars to spider mites is related to the density of the glandular trichomes, which store substances hindering the herbivore's walking and feeding (Oliveira et al, 2018;Bac-Molenaar et al, 2019).…”

GmNAP1 is essential for trichome and leaf epidermal cell development in soybean

“…Some flowering plants, such as tobacco ( Nicotania tabacum ), produce multicellular trichomes, whereas others, such as Arabidopsis, have unicellular trichomes (Glover 2000 ). Trichomes exist on many aerial plant parts, including leaves, stems, and sepals (Huchelmann et al 2017 ; Liang et al 2014 ), and help to protect the plant against herbivores and insects, deter microorganisms, and maintain ion homeostasis (Schilmiller et al 2008 ); for example, the trichomes in strawberry plants act as a physical barrier creating difficulties for Chaetosiphon fragaefolii to feed (Benatto et al 2018 ). Many previous studies have proved that trichomes play an efficient role in reducing water loss through decreasing the rate of transpiration, on account of their barrier effect against CO 2 and H 2 O exchange (Fu et al 2013 ; Ning et al 2016 ).…”