Influence of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on Soil Microbial Communities in a Citrus Orchard of Southeast China

Abstract

Soil microbes play a crucial role in ecosystem function. Here, the effects of soil and water conservation measures on soil microbial community structures, biodiversity, and co-occurrence networks are investigated and compared. We sampled soils at three different depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–40 cm) in a citrus orchard that uses long-term soil and water conservation measures, which includes Bermuda grass strip intercropping (BS), Bermuda grass full coverage (BF), Radish–soybean crop rotation strip intercropping (RS) and clear tillage orchards (CT). Results demonstrated that BS and BF yields a significant increase in bacterial richness and diversity of fungal in soils, while BF contains more beneficial microbial taxa, especially those with degrading and nutrient cycling capabilities. Microbial community structures differed significantly among the applied measures. In addition, co-occurrence networks under BS, BF and RS were more complex and robust than that of CT, and the stability of the network in BF was the highest. Microbial interactive stability and potential interactions in bacterial networks were stronger than those of fungi. The distribution of dominant phyla showed that Chloroflexi and Ascomycota dominated the different soil and water conservation measures. Proteobacteria and Ascomycota are revealed to be keystone species in bacterial networks and fungal networks, respectively, while Proteobacteria was the keystone species in microbial networks. Though the relative abundance of Chloroflexi turned out to have increased among the four measures, the relative abundance for Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria all decreased along the soil profile, with Acidobacteria under BS to be an exception. Soils under BS and BF had higher total nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon and organic carbon than CT and RS. Organic carbon(C) and total nitrogen(N) in soil were the major drivers of these bacterial community patterns, while there was no significant correlation between them and fungi. Overall, BF increases soil nutrients and microbial diversity, and also promotes ecological stability and interrelations among microbial taxa that collectively improve soil quality in the citrus orchard studied. Therefore, we recommended BF to be an ideal application for citrus orchards of southeast China.

Bacterial Diversity and Community in Response to Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization Gradient in Citrus Orchard Soils

“…Soil microbial community in citrus orchards play an important role in releasing soil nutrients and preventing plant diseases [3] and play an important role in promoting citrus growth and health [12]. In recent years, there have been many studies about the effects of irrigation regime, tillage method, citrus tree tissues, and citrus disease on microbial community [13][14][15]. Nevertheless, the relationship between nitrogen application rate, citrus yield, and microbial community should also be studied.…”

Biological conservation measures are better than engineering conservation measures in improving soil quality of eroded orchards in southern China

“…The red soil hilly region in southern China is enriched in rainfall and heat resources and possesses tremendous potential ecosystem productivity (Wu et al., 2021). The hilly area of the region accounts for about 60.6% of the land area in southern China and has been facing severe soil and water loss owing to the strong rainfall erosivity, high soil erodibility, and inadequate land management for a long period (Tu, Xie, Zheng, et al., 2021).…”

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Bacterioplankton Molecular Ecological Networks in the Yuan River under Different Human Activity Intensity

“…The structure of the bacterioplankton community can also reflect the ecological environment of the river to a certain extent and is an ideal indicator that can be used to monitor the ecological impacts of human activities on the functional characteristics of the river water environment [3]. Previous work has shown that human influences affect microbiome composition [4][5][6], microbe-microbe interactions [7,8] and microbe-host interactions [3,9,10]. Although it is well documented that such changes in network structure affect ecosystem functioning and stability, little is known about the link between human activity intensity and the stability of these microbial systems and whether and how the ecological networks, particularly bacterioplankton molecular ecological networks, will change under human activity intensity change scenarios.…”