Influence of season, age, and sex on renal stone formation in South Australia

Abstract

ObjectiveTo investigate trends in renal stone formation in the South Australian population, between 1977 and 1991 (3634 stones), with respect to age, sex and seasonal variation. ResultsThe frequency of the different stone types was: calcium oxalate (with or without phosphate), 68%; uric acid, 17%; infection stones (magnesium ammonium phosphate), 12%; and pure calcium phosphate, 3%. No significant seasonal variation was observed with calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate stones. The incidence of uric acid stones increased significantly during summer and autumn (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01 respectively), and that of infection stones decreased significantly during spring and summer (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). Calcium oxalate, uric acid and calcium phosphate stones were more frequent in male subjects; male to female ratio 2.8:1, 3.7:1 and 1.4:1 respectively. However, there was an increased frequency of calcium oxalate stones in women 20 to 25 years of age; male to female ratio 0.7:1. Infection stones were more common in female subjects; male to female ratio 0.7:1. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates significant seasonal variation in uric acid and infection stones. Men are at a higher risk of forming stones than women, with the exception of infection stones. Additionally, with calcium oxalate stones, women may have distinct periods of higher risk. This study confirms that calcium oxalate stones are the most common stone type, which is in accordance with studies from other industrialised countries. (Med J Aust 1993; 159: 390‐392)

Vitamin D substrate–product relationship in idiopathic hypercalciuria

“…In turn, the increased VDR concentrations [22,24] may stimulate the renal and extra renal activity of calciumsensing receptor [31] that may explain the hypercalciuria and some other endocrine abnormalities in AH [26]. The seasonality of urinary calcium excretion and the increase of renal stones episodes during summer and fall have been studied by several authors with contrasting results, with some demonstrating the seasonality of renal stones [32,33] and others reporting negative findings [34,35].…”

Étude de la composition des calculs urinaires en fonction de l’âge dans la population du centre tunisien

“…Toutefois, certaines variations géographiques ont été rapportées. En 1993, Baker et al [20] ont rapporté qu'en Australie, le pic de fréquence des calculs d'oxalate de calcium a été observé entre 50 et 60 ans. En Europe, ces calculs ont été plus fréquents entre 40 et 50 ans [18,19] et en Asie, entre 30 et 50 ans [5].…”

Predisposition of genetic polymorphism with the risk of urolithiasis

“…Baker et al found that the peak age for development of calcium oxalate stones was between 50 and 60 years. Further, uric acid stones occur more frequently in older population (60-65 years) while infection stones occurred in younger people (20 and 55 years) and most commonly in women (70). Greater risk is seen in men for developing kidney stones with incidence and prevalence rates between two and four times that of women (71).…”