Influence of polyacrylic acid (PAA)/Na₂HPO₄ mixture on biphasic calcium phosphate cement: Enhancing strength and cell viability

Abstract

This study has investigated the effect of combination of new liquid phase mixture of disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na 2 HPO 4 ) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) on the compressive strength, setting time, bioactivity, and cytotoxicity of biphasic calcium phosphate cement. The PAA was known as one of water-soluble and biocompatible polymers to improve the mechanical performances of the bone cement, but it usually inhibits the phase conversion to hydroxyapatite after the cement has already set.The aim of this work was to evaluate the incorporation of the mixture of PAA and Na 2 HPO 4 into biphasic cement. We have found the crucial concentration for adding PAA/Na 2 HPO 4 at 30:70 v/v% to enhance the mechanical strength, cell viability, and maintain bioactivity. The phase composition and crosslinking reaction between PAA and alpha-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder were detected by XRD and FTIR techniques. The beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) was added in the formula to achieve the biphasic cement, which composed of β-TCP and apatite/calcium deficient-hydroxyapatite (CD-HA) in the final product. The biphasic granule commercial product was used as comparison in the cell viability test. This work had been confirmed that the cement was a nontoxic material. Therefore, our results suggest that the PAA/Na 2 HPO 4 could be beneficial for further clinical applications. K E Y W O R D Sbiopolymer, bone cement, calcium phosphate cement, polyacrylic acid, polymeric cement

Primary human osteoblast and mesenchymal stem cell responses to apatite/tricalcium phosphate bone cement modified with polyacrylic acid and bioactive glass

“…Thus, the porosity of samples could be related to the phase transformation and the degradation. Based on phase transformation, it was reported that the PAA could cover the surface of the cement powder, resulting in less α‐TCP phase conversion into HA 16 . This is correlated to the current work, presenting the less converted HA phase in PAA incorporated cement (p‐CPC), as compared with the control CPC from 0 to 28 day.…”

“…Based on phase transformation, it was reported that the PAA could cover the surface of the cement powder, resulting in less α-TCP phase conversion into HA. 16 This is correlated to the current work, presenting the less converted HA phase in PAA incorporated cement (p-CPC), as compared with the control CPC from 0 to 28 day. In addition, the presence of PAA appeared to interfere and encapsulate some of the DCPA particles, resulting in the more DCPA remaining in the cement matrix of p-CPC and p-CPC/BG when compared with the control CPC (Figure 9C).…”

“…Elena et al 43 revealed that the injectability of cement could be increased by increasing L/P ratio. Although the control CPC (0.40) had a higher L/P ratio, it was In our previous study, 16 the addition of PAA into the cement indicated the crosslink reaction between functional groups of PAA and cement powder, resulting in the enhanced compressive strength. This is relevant to the current results, presenting the higher compressive strength and Young's modulus of p-CPC and p-CPC/BG cement when compared with the control CPC (Figure 2).…”

“…The poor mechanical properties, such as compressive strength and Young's modulus, of the cement were improved by reinforcement with polymers, 14 which could be used in a various form of both liquid and solid 15 . In our previous findings, 16 the compressive strength of apatite/β‐TCP cement was increased with the addition of polyacrylic acid (PAA) aqueous solution in appropriate concentration ratio. We revealed that the higher compressive strength of PAA‐cement was influenced by the crosslink reaction between cement powder reacted with the functional group of PAA.…”

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“…PMA is also used to improve the mechanical properties of calcium phosphate cement. To optimize the properties of bone cement for medical application, Thaitalay et al studied the cement solution at different v / v % ratio of Na 2 HPO 4 and PAA [ 128 ]. The best ratio was found to be 30:70 v / v % (PAA: Na 2 HPO 4 ), improving the compressive strength and reaching a high cell viability, while the phase transformation is kept for bioactivity giving a suitable composite as bone substitution material.…”