Influence of Plasticizer-Free CAPD Bags and Tubings on Serum, Urine, and Dialysate Levels of Phthalic Acid Esters in CAPD Patients

Mettang, Thomas; Pauli-Magnus, Christiane; Alscher, Dominik M.; Kirchgessner, Judith; Wodarz, Roman; Rettenmeier, Albert W.; Kuhlmann, Ulrich

doi:10.1177/089686080002000115

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…The analytical approach used to quantify total urinary PA equivalents consisted of an acid hydrolysis, solvent extraction and derivatization with BSTFA followed by gas chromatography -mass sprectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Sample preparation was adapted from method of Mettang et al [14]. Two-mL aliquots of urine were transferred into screw-cap reaction vials and spiked with 100 µL of internal standard working solution (20 mg/L or 0.1 mmol/L) and 200 µL of water.…”

Section: Sample Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Chasseaud et al [4;5;8] and Canal-Raffin et al [3], the main ring-metabolite of folpet is PAA in rats following an oral, intratracheal or intraperitoneal administration. More specifically, Chasseaud et al [5;8] observed that 80% of a labeled 14 C-folpet dose orally administered to rats was recovered as PAA in urine. Canal-Raffin et al [3] reported that PI was rapidly metabolized to PAA in plasma when folpet was intraperitoneally and intratracheally administered to rats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analytical methods have already been developed to quantify PA as a urinary metabolite of phthalates, because it is also the final hydrolysis product of phthalates [12][13][14][15][16], but no method has been published for the quantification of total PA equivalents as a biomarker of folpet exposure to our knowledge. Therefore, the objectives of this study were i) to measure total PA equivalents in urine as a biomarker of folpet exposure by adapting existing gas chromatography -mass spectrometry [GC-MS] methods after oxidation of PI and PAA and trimethylsylation of PA molecule, and ii) to use this method to quantify the urinary excretion of total PA equivalents in volunteers exposed to folpet as well as iii) to assess worker exposure to this fungicide through biomonitoring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry determination of phthalic acid in human urine as a biomarker of folpet exposure

Berthet

Berode²,

Bouchard

2011

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Agricultural workers are exposed to folpet, but biomonitoring data are limited. Phthalimide (PI), phthalamic acid (PAA), and phthalic acid (PA) are the ring metabolites of this fungicide according to animal studies, but they have not yet been measured in human urine as metabolites of folpet, only PA as a metabolite of phthalates. The objective of this study was thus to develop a reliable gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to quantify the sum of PI, PAA, and PA ring-metabolites of folpet in human urine. Briefly, the method consisted of adding p-methylhippuric acid as an internal standard, performing an acid hydrolysis at 100 °C to convert ring-metabolites into PA, purifying samples by ethyl acetate extraction, and derivatizing with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoro acetamide prior to GC-MS analysis. The method had a detection limit of 60.2 nmol/L (10 ng/mL); it was found to be accurate (mean recovery, 97%), precise (inter- and intra-day percentage relative standard deviations <13%), and with a good linearity (R (2) > 0.98). Validation was conducted using unexposed peoples urine spiked at concentrations ranging from 4.0 to 16.1 μmol/L, along with urine samples of volunteers dosed with folpet, and of exposed workers. The method proved to be (1) suitable and accurate to determine the kinetic profile of PA equivalents in the urine of volunteers orally and dermally administered folpet and (2) relevant for the biomonitoring of exposure in workers.

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Section: Sample Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry determination of phthalic acid in human urine as a biomarker of folpet exposure

Berthet

Berode²,

Bouchard

2011

Anal Bioanal Chem

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“…Classic glucose dialysis solutions are wrapped in PVC-containers, which release plasticizers, mostly phthalates. These phthalates suppress the functionality of peritoneal cells, and can also cause structural and functional changes of the peritoneal membrane (53). In rats that had been exposed during 7 days to dialysis solutions containing a high concentration of phthalate, Fracasso et al (54) observed a 50% reduction in ultrafiltration capacity, and a thickening of the peritoneal membrane.…”

Section: The Problems Of Pd mentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited Editorial: New Concepts in Peritoneal Dialysis: New Wine in Old Barrels?

Biesen¹,

Veys²,

Vanholder³

et al. 2003

Artificial Organs

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“…However, both of these perfusion circuits also contain large surface areas of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which can be reduced under normal circumstances. The bioincompatibility of the di‐(2‐ethyl‐hexyl)‐phthalate (DEHP)‐plasticized PVC has been extensively studied in extracorporeal circuits, mostly focusing on toxicity and inflammatory response mediation (5–8). In particular, DEHP itself has been shown to be largely bioincompatible and the responsible mediator in many of these inappropriate responses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Methanol Washing of Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride on Biomaterial-Contact-Mediated CD11b (mac-1) Expression in a Rat Recirculation Model

2002

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Our objective was to assess whether using a methanol wash to reduce the level of plasticizer present on the surface of medical-grade polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has a moderating effect on the expression of CD11b (mac-1) on neutrophils in rats undergoing recirculation. The study was carried out on 3 groups of 10 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 350 and 450 g. In the 2 test groups, the animals were exposed to 48 cm(2) of di-(2-ethyl-hexyl)-phthalate (DEHP)-plasticized PVC in a parallel plate recirculating test cell through which blood was recirculated at 1.5 ml/min. In the first test group, the PVC was untreated; in the second test group, the PVC was washed in methanol to reduce the level of plasticizer on the surface. The test cell was connected to the right femoral circulation, and recirculation was established for a period of 60 min. Blood samples were taken at 0, 30, and 60 min for assessment of CD11b expression on neutrophils using flow cytometric analysis. In a third group of 10 control experiments, rats underwent the entire surgical procedure, but without recirculation through the test cell. There was statistically significant (p < 0.001) lower Cd11b expression on neutrophils in the blood of rats perfused through the cell containing methanol-washed PVC after 30 min and at 60 min. CD11b expression was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in the control group than in both test groups at both the 30 and 60 min time points and at the 60 min time point on comparison with the group where blood was perfused through methanol-washed PVC. These results demonstrate that the biomaterial-contact-mediated upregulation of CD11b may be significantly reduced by employing a methanol-washing technique on the plasticized PVC. Although this technique does not entirely eliminate the expression of CD11b on neutrophils, the difference is significant and suggests the role of the plasticizer in the development of this inappropriate inflammatory response.

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Influence of Plasticizer-Free CAPD Bags and Tubings on Serum, Urine, and Dialysate Levels of Phthalic Acid Esters in CAPD Patients

Cited by 28 publications

References 15 publications

Gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry determination of phthalic acid in human urine as a biomarker of folpet exposure

Gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry determination of phthalic acid in human urine as a biomarker of folpet exposure

Invited Editorial: New Concepts in Peritoneal Dialysis: New Wine in Old Barrels?

The Effect of Methanol Washing of Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride on Biomaterial-Contact-Mediated CD11b (mac-1) Expression in a Rat Recirculation Model

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