Influence of P,S,O-Doping on g-C3N4 for hydrogel formation and photocatalysis: An experimental and theoretical study

Chu, Yi Ching; Lin, Tzu Jen; Lin, Yan; Chiu, Wei Lun; Nguyen, Ba Son; Hu, Chechia

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2020.07.053

Cited by 168 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Chu et al synthesized a novel P, S, O-codoped g-C 3 N 4 via mixing and grounding thoroughly the melamine treated by H 2 O 2 , hexachlorotriphosphazene (HCCP), elemental sulfur, and then the final powder was calcined in a furnace under the procedure as same as the process of synthesizing common pure g-C 3 N 4 . [54] In this study, P, S, O-codoped g-C 3 N 4 materials presented higher photocurrent density and smaller electrical resistance compared to pure g-C 3 N 4 . Furthermore, theoretical calculations demonstrated that the codoping of P, S, and O dopants immensely improved photocatalytic performance.…”

Section: Codopingmentioning

confidence: 51%

Graphitic Carbon Nitride‐Based Photocatalysts for Biological Applications

Che

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2021

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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fluorescent feature, which makes it be served as bioimaging and fluorescence sensors. In addition, g-C 3 N 4 can be used as a drug carrier due to its π-π conjugation with the drug. It can thus be seen that g-C 3 N 4 is a 2D material with many functions in one. As a result, with the development of g-C 3 N 4 -based materials in biological fields, it is urgent to provide a comprehensive review of g-C 3 N 4 -based materials for biological applications.Like other applications, biological applications of g-C 3 N 4 -based materials are still limited by the reason of relatively large particles size, high recombination of carriers, and circumscribed visible-light absorption. [13] Therefore, in this review, the advanced synthesis approaches to improve the properties of g-C 3 N 4 -based materials are outlined and the different solutions to different problems of different applications are reported at great length. For example, three kinds of ways to improve the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) such as improving the near-infrared response of g-C 3 N 4 , [14] increasing oxygen levels in the microenvironment, [15] and reducing the glutathione (GSH) level in tumor cells are talked about. [16] Moreover, the biosafety and toxicity evaluations of g-C 3 N 4 -based materials are also conducted. Last, the challenges and personal opinions of g-C 3 N 4 -based materials in biomedical applications are discussed. It is hoped that this review could provide references and bases for further expanding the applications of g-C 3 N 4 in biomedical areas. Modification MethodsAt present, the photocatalytic performance of g-C 3 N 4 can be enhanced by defects, [17] hydrogen bond engineering, [18] and integrating with other semiconductors to form a heterojunction structure. [19] Defects EngineeringDefects engineering of g-C 3 N 4 includes vacancy defect and crystal defect. Vacancy in g-C 3 N 4 is served as effective capturing sites for photocarriers to promote charge separation and migration. [20] Doping is an impurity defect belonging to a crystal defect. Impurity defects generally do not change the crystal lattice of the original matrix, but will activate due to lattice malformation and provide conditions for the migration of particles.Metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) as a newly emerging nanomaterial has been employed in the biomedical field because of its special optical and electrical characterizations. This review summarizes diverse methods for preparing g-C 3 N 4 -based materials, and discusses contemporary advancements in biosensors, photocatalytic sterilization, photodynamic therapy, drug carrier, and biological imaging. The biosafety and toxicity evaluations of g-C 3 N 4 -based materials are discussed as well. The review ends with an overview and several insights on the challenges and opportunities of g-C 3 N 4 -based nanomaterials in this burgeoning field. This review is expected to provide inspiration for developing future g-C 3 N 4 -based materials for the biomedical applications.

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Section: Codopingmentioning

confidence: 51%

Graphitic Carbon Nitride‐Based Photocatalysts for Biological Applications

Che

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2021

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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“…In order to enhance the performance and modulate the properties of g-C 3 N 4 , researchers have proposed different methods such as doping and making heterojunction with other materials. Examples of these materials are metal oxides, metal sulfides, noble metals, and carbonaceous nanomaterials [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Among them, metal oxides are the most common ones to improve the efficiency of g-C 3 N 4 , e.g., increasing the light absorption and reducing the recombination of electrons and holes by promoting the separation of charge carriers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)–Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites: Potential for Photocatalysis and Sensing

2022

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g-C3N4 has drawn lots of attention due to its photocatalytic activity, low-cost and facile synthesis, and interesting layered structure. However, to improve some of the properties of g-C3N4, such as photochemical stability, electrical band structure, and to decrease charge recombination rate, and towards effective light-harvesting, g-C3N4–metal oxide-based heterojunctions have been introduced. In this review, we initially discussed the preparation, modification, and physical properties of the g-C3N4 and then, we discussed the combination of g-C3N4 with various metal oxides such as TiO2, ZnO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, WO3, SnO, SnO2, etc. We summarized some of their characteristic properties of these heterojunctions, their optical features, photocatalytic performance, and electrical band edge positions. This review covers recent advances, including applications in water splitting, CO2 reduction, and photodegradation of organic pollutants, sensors, bacterial disinfection, and supercapacitors. We show that metal oxides can improve the efficiency of the bare g-C3N4 to make the composites suitable for a wide range of applications. Finally, this review provides some perspectives, limitations, and challenges in investigation of g-C3N4–metal-oxide-based heterojunctions.

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“…Therefore, it is necessary to improve the photocatalytic performance by modifying it. Through research, oxygen doping can promote the separation of charges on the triazine ring, causing light to excite electrons, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic activity of g-C 3 N 4 [36]. Jiang et al reported that oxygen doping and nitrogen defects in g-C 3 N 4 can change the electronic transition, thereby inhibiting charge recombination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower-Like Dual-Defective Z-Scheme Heterojunction g-C3N4/ZnIn2S4 High-Efficiency Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Degradation of Mixed Pollutants

Hou

Jin

et al. 2021

Nanomaterials

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with a porous nano-structure, nitrogen vacancies, and oxygen-doping was prepared by the calcination method. Then, it was combined with ZnIn2S4 nanosheets containing zinc vacancies to construct a three-dimensional (3D) flower-like Z-scheme heterojunction (pCN-N/ZIS-Z), which was used for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and the degradation of mixed pollutants. The constructed Z-scheme heterojunction improved the efficiency of photogenerated charges separation and migration, and the large surface area and porous characteristics provided more active sites. Doping and defect engineering can change the bandgap structure to improve the utilization of visible light, and can also capture photogenerated electrons to inhibit recombination, so as to promote the use of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in the photocatalytic redox process. Heterojunction and defect engineering synergized to form a continuous and efficient conductive operation framework, which achieves the hydrogen production of pCN-N/ZIS-Z (9189.8 µmol·h−1·g−1) at 58.9 times that of g-C3N4 (155.9 µmol·h−1·g−1), and the degradation rates of methyl orange and metronidazole in the mixed solution were 98.7% and 92.5%, respectively. Our research provides potential ideas for constructing a green and environmentally friendly Z-scheme heterojunction catalyst based on defect engineering to address the energy crisis and environmental restoration.

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Influence of P,S,O-Doping on g-C3N4 for hydrogel formation and photocatalysis: An experimental and theoretical study

Cited by 168 publications

References 36 publications

Graphitic Carbon Nitride‐Based Photocatalysts for Biological Applications

Graphitic Carbon Nitride‐Based Photocatalysts for Biological Applications

A Comprehensive Review of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)–Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites: Potential for Photocatalysis and Sensing

Flower-Like Dual-Defective Z-Scheme Heterojunction g-C3N4/ZnIn2S4 High-Efficiency Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Degradation of Mixed Pollutants

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