“…Two studies 10,17 asked subjects to refrain from smoking 'on the day of the study', while Volpe et al 13 and Gunderson et al 21 included subjects who were smokers. Hannemann et al 10,a Hu et al 11,a Volpe et al 13,b Fakhrzadeh et al 16,b Akinci et al 17,b Akinci et al 18,b Gunderson et al 21,b Age ( Brewster et al 15,b Freire et al 19,b Anastasiou et al 7,b Bo et al 9,b Pleiner et al 12,b Heitritter et al 20,b Age ( Brewster et al 15,b Freire et al 19,b Anastasiou et al 7,b Bo et al 9,b Pleiner et al 12,b Heitritter et al 20 Banerjee et al 8,a Davenport et al 14,b Age ( studies 7,10,11,14,17 reported waist-to-hip ratio, with previous GDM women having a higher ratio in three studies. 2,11,17 Of those reporting, waist circumference ranged from 71.7 ± 8.8 to 87 ± 0.6 cm in the controls and 73.6 ± 5.7 to 92 ± 13.19 cm in the previous GDM cases (Table 2).…”