Influence of fermentation on the characteristics of Baltic Sea macroalgae, including microbial profile and trace element content

Characterization of Macro- and Microalgae Extracts Bioactive Compounds and Micro- and Macroelements Transition from Algae to Extract

“…However, the highest concentration of cromium (Cr) was, on average, 18.0-and 1.8-times higher in F. lumbricalis extracts in comparison with C. rupestris and U. intestinalis extracts. In contrast with our previous studies [31], zinc (Zn), iodine (I), and phosphorus (P) did not remain in macroalgae extracts; however, their concentrations in fresh macroalgae samples were 16.5 mg/kg, 199.0 mg/kg, and 0.984 g/kg, respectively, in C. rupestris; 26.5 mg/kg, 49.5 mg/kg, and 1.56 g/kg, respectively, in F. lumbricalis; and 38.7 mg/kg, 22.8 mg/kg, and 1.93 g/kg, respectively, in U. intestinalis [31]. Most of the essential microelement concentrations in extracts decreased in comparison with those in fresh macroalgae samples (except those of manganese (Mn), which increased by factors of 10.6, 3. for women [135].…”

“…According to Waheed et al [133], insufficient Ca consumption is major challenge for public health these days; for this reason, new natural sources of Ca are sought for inclusion human and (or) animal diets. In a comparison of the macroelement concentrations in macroalgae extracts with those in fresh macroalgae samples evaluated in our previous studies [31], in all cases, the macroelement concentrations in extracts were increased: in C. rupestris extracts, the Na, Mg, K, and Ca concentrations increased, on average, by factors of 50.1, 50.2, 70.7, and 8.9, respectively. In F. lumbricalis extracts, the Na, Mg, K, and Ca concentrations increased, on average, by factors of 53.1, 21.7, 20.5, and 6.2, respectively, and in U. intestinalis extracts, the Na, Mg, K, and Ca concentrations increased, on average, by factors of 29.0, 16.1, 43.6, and 1.6, respectively.…”

“…The colour coordinates of the lyophilized algae and their extracts were evaluated on the surface using a CIE L*a*b* system (CromaMeter CR-400, Konica Minolta, Marunouchi, Tokyo Japan) [31,44].…”

“…Titanium (Ti) and cadmium (Cd) were not found in macroalgae samples, and caesium (Cs) was only established in F. lumbricalis extract (0.001 mg kg −1 ). In a comparison of extracts and fresh algae samples (Tolpeznikaite et al, 2021), gallium (Ga), beryllium (Be), tin (Sn), mercury (Hg), boron (B), titanium (Ti), and cadmium (Cd) did not remain in extracts, and molybdenum (Mo) was not obtained in C. rupestris extracts, nor was caesium (Cs) in C. rupestris and U. intestinalis extracts. Most of the non-essential microelement concentrations decreased in extracts in comparison with fresh macroalgae samples (except that of aluminum (Al), which increased by a factor of 7.6 in F. lumbricalis The average consumption of the microelement V with food is 10-20 µg day −1 [140].…”

“…[26][27][28][29][30], is affected by various factors [8]. Our previous studies showed that Baltic Sea macroalgae cannot be used in food, feed, nutraceuticals, etc., without pre-treatment because of its high degree of contamination with pathogenic bacterial strains and heavy metals [31], and fermentation processing with lactic acid bacterial strains possessing antimicrobial properties is not a sufficient method to avoid biocontamination in Baltic Sea macroalgae. For this reason, in this study, we hypothesised that the preparation of extracts of Baltic Sea macroalgae (Furcellaria lumbricalis-Rhodophyta, Cladophora rupestris, and Ulva intestinalis-Chlorophyta) could lead to heavy metal concentration reduction in algal biomass and could be a prospective method for Baltic Sea macroalgae valorisation to a higher antioxidant potential and new ingredients with broader antimicrobial activity.…”