Influence of ENSO on Droughts and Vegetation in a High Mountain Equatorial Climate Basin

Abstract

Several studies have assessed droughts and vegetation considering climatic factors, particularly El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) at different latitudes. However, there are knowledge gaps in the tropical Andes, a region with high spatiotemporal climatic variability. This research analyzed the relationships between droughts, vegetation, and ENSO from 2001–2015. Meteorological drought was analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for 1, 3 and 6 months. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to evaluate vegetation, and ENSO indexes were used as climate drivers. The Wavelet coherence method was used to establish time-frequency relationships. This approach was applied in the Machángara river sub-basin in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes. The results showed significant negative correlations during 2009–2013 between the SPEI and NDVI, with the SPEI6 lagging by nine months and a return period of 1.5 years. ENSO–SPEI presented the highest negative correlations during 2009–2014 and a return period of three years, with ENSO leading the relationship for around fourteen months. ENSO-NDVI showed the highest positive correlations during 2004–2008 and a return period of one year, with the ENSO indexes continually delayed by approximately one month. These results could be a benchmark for developing advanced studies for climate hazards.

Heat Budget Analysis for the Extended Development of the 2014–2015 Warming Event

“…Corresponding to the definition of the traditional El Niño (Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño), these new types of El Niño are referred to as Central Pacific (CP) El Niño [3], and are known by various definitions, such as Date Line El Niño [7], El Niño Modoki or Pseudo El Niño [6], and Warm Pool El Niño [5]. Since the two different types of El Niño have different spatiotemporal SST anomalies [8], they have non-negligible different effects on climate patterns [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The CP type of El Niño has shown increasing trends, either in the frequency of occurrence or in intensity, during the last two decades [16].…”