Influence of contrasting environments on seed composition of two quinoa genotypes: nutritional and functional properties

Abstract

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Chile represents a source of germplasm with high nutritional value. However, there is little information available related to quinoa seed quality grown under contrasting environments. In this study we evaluated the changes on seed composition of seeds of two lowland/coastal quinoa genotypes grown under arid (Vicuña) and cold-temperate (Temuco) conditions in Chile. Results showed that in the case of 'Regalona Baer' and 'Villarrica' genotypes the arid location (with irrigation) led to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in grain yield (4.2 and 5.1 t ha -1 , respectively), soluble dietary fiber (16.8 ± 0.4 and 28.9 ± 2.1 g kg -1 DM, respectively), vitamin B3 (2.44 ± 0.005 and 2.26 ± 0.04 mg 100 g -1 DM, respectively), saponins (3.22 ± 0.38 mg 100 g -1 DM, 'Regalona Baer'), phenolic compounds (19.2 ± 5.48 and 31.92 ± 1.14 mg gallic acid 100 g -1 DM, respectively) and components of proximate analysis, except protein content. The cold-temperate climate (rainfed) affected positively seed size (2.22 ± 0.17 mm 'Villarrica') and 1000 seed weight (3.08 ± 0.08 and 3.29 ± 0.08 g, respectively), as well as insoluble dietary fiber content (112.3 ± 23.8 g kg -1 DM, 'Regalona Baer'). Furthermore, vitamin C was higher in 'Regalona Baer' genotype at arid locality (31.22 ± 4.2 mg 100 g -1 DM), but much higher content was registered in 'Villarrica' genotype at cold-temperate climate (49.3 ± 5.36 mg 100 g -1 DM). The environment-induced relationship among variables and genotypes was consistent with principal component analysis (PCA). The arid region of Vicuña in Chile represents a potential area for quinoa cultivation for lowland/coastal quinoa genotypes, whose nutritional and functional features were affected positively, due to the much more stressing climatic conditions.

Characterisation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) accessions for the saponin content in Mediterranean environment

“…The contrasting results of Miranda et al (2012Miranda et al ( , 2013 who reported in Chile an increase of saponin content in an arid, but irrigated environment and a decrease, in rainy environment not for all the genotypes, suggest, in agreement with Zurita et al (2014), that additional studies must be conducted to elucidate how the environmental and the genotypic effects influence the seed saponin levels.…”

“…Drought reduces by 45% the accumulation of sapogenins in quinoa seeds, based on one study of severe water deficit conducted in Southern Europe (Gomez-Caravaca et al, 2012), whereas salinity has the opposite effect (Soliz-Guerrero et al, 2002;Pulvento et al, 2012). More recently, however, a significant increase of saponins and other seed components has been reported in an arid location (irrigated) as opposed to a cold temperate climate (rainfed) site (Miranda et al, 2012;Miranda et al, 2013). Thus, the above data suggest that additional studies must be conducted to elucidate how the environmental and the genotypic effects influence the seed saponin levels (Zurita et al, 2014).…”

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT NITROGEN LEVELS ON THE GRAIN YIELD AND SOME YIELD COMPONENTS OF QUINOA (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) UNDER MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

“…The highest CP content in the grain recorded by 175 kg N ha -1 treatment which was 16.5% higher than that in the control treatment, but statistically similar to 150 kg N ha -1 treatment (15.8%). The higher protein content at higher nitrogen levels was mainly due to the structural role of nitrogen in building up amino acids (Finck, 1982;Bhargava et al, 2006;Miranda et al, 2013). The progressive increase in protein contents of quinoa seed with the increasing nitrogen rates were also reported by many research workers (Jacobsen et al, 1994;Erley et al, 2005;Shams, 2012).…”

“…The progressive increase in protein contents of quinoa seed with the increasing nitrogen rates were also reported by many research workers (Jacobsen et al, 1994;Erley et al, 2005;Shams, 2012). Erley et al (2005) informed that average CP content of quinoa cultivars (Faro and Cochabamba) increased gradually (12.3% to 14.6%, respectively) with the increasing nitrogen levels from 0 kg N to 120 kg N ha -1 and, Miranda et al (2013) reported an average CP content of 18.8% using cold resistance quinoa cultivars (Regalona Baer and Villarrica). Kakabouki et al (2014) also stated that increasing nitrogen level increased CP content of quinoa from 7% to 27% under different tillage system.…”

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) versus soja (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) en la nutrición humana: revisión sobre las características agroecológicas, de composición y tecnológicas

“…Otros carbohidratos presentes en menores proporciones en los granos de quinoa y soja son la glucosa, fructosa, arabinosa, galactosa, sacarosa, maltosa y rafinosa 25,62,66 .…”