Influence of composition and roughness on the pigment mapping of paintings using mid-infrared fiberoptics reflectance spectroscopy (mid-IR FORS) and multivariate calibration

Sessa, Clarimma; Bagán, H.; Garcı́a, J.F.

doi:10.1007/s00216-014-8091-2

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Among the quantitative multivariate analysis methods, the PLS regression has been widely used for spectra data evaluation and is a well‐known factorial analysis applied to parameter modelling, including several applications in archaeometry and also in XRF to predict physic‐chemical parameters …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thickness determination of gold layer on pre‐Columbian objects and a gilding frame, combining pXRF and PLS regression

et al. 2016

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In conservation, restoration and characterization studies of art and archaeological objects, the improvement of analytical techniques is a tendency. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a versatile technique, and it has been widely used in the last decades for characterization of a great variety of materials (metals, glass, paints, inks, ceramics, etc.) applied to cultural heritage studies. Besides the chemical composition, it is possible to infer the layer thickness through XRF, enabling a general knowledge of the manufacturing techniques implemented by the culture of origin, as well as the association with the technological level reached for the production of each kind of artefact. The aim of this study is to introduce an alternative way for gold thickness determination of coatings in cultural heritage objects, combining portable XRF data and partial least square regression. As a case of study, we present the use of this methodology in portable XRF measurements performed in situ on a gilding frame in Brazil and in two pre-Columbian artefacts from Chavin culture in Peru. Gold layers with thicknesses determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) were used as standards to perform a calibration model and to check the methodology before its application to unknown artefacts.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thickness determination of gold layer on pre‐Columbian objects and a gilding frame, combining pXRF and PLS regression

et al. 2016

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“…In addition, the good state of conservation of the artworks make micro-sampling almost impossible. The contactless application requires reflection-mode analysis, which has been increasing over the last few years for painting investigations [Miliani 2007, Miliani 2012, Sessa 2014, Madariaga 2016, Rifkin 2016, Rosi 2016. Although the technique is non-destructive, only the surface can be analyzed, thus losing information on the stratigraphy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive techniques for revealing the palette of the Romantic painter Francesco Hayez

Rampazzi

Brunello

Corti

et al. 2017

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectros

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This paper describes the first systematic analysis of the palette of Francesco Hayez, one of the most outstanding artists of European Romanticism, whose painting technique has never been extensively investigated despite the plethora of artistic studies. He lived in a particular moment in the history of painting, as in the first half of the 19th century many synthetic pigments were available, also in tin tubes, but traditional materials were still used. Sixteen paintings on canvas and on panels, created between 1823 and 1868, were analyzed in situ through non-invasive techniques (infrared reflectography and infrared reflection spectroscopy). Imaging investigation provided clues on painting technique, revealing some cases of pentimenti and underdrawings. A preliminary survey was carried out on a hundred pure pigments used up to the 19th century and on new synthetic colours, in order to attain reference spectra for the interpretation of painting spectra. The portable infrared instrument provided insight into Hayez's painting materials, identifying barite, ivory black, lead-tin yellow, Naples yellow, ochres, Prussian blue, and white lead. The pigments were often blended, to obtain a unique fabric appearance or to attain cold shades. The results pointed to a siccative oil as a binder, mixed with white lead so that it could act as a catalyzer in polymerization reactions, and in some cases with a proteinaceous binder and resins. The preparation was made with gypsum and white lead mixed with a siccative oil. The results showed that the artist used a typical traditional palette, throughout his career, in order to lead to brilliant colours and with long-term stability. Anyway, the possible presence of cobalt blue in a few paintings suggests that Hayez had probably started testing the new colours, since the second decade of 19th century.

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“…In this preliminary study, we tested the proposed approach by examining single layers of pure paint, thus avoiding the use of optical models to predict the reflectance of pigments in mixtures [ 23 ] and not taking into account the influence of the surface roughness on the spectra [ 24 ]. A mock-up was created for this specific purpose: ten acrylic paints were laid with increasing thicknesses, ranging from 50 to 350 μm, on both white and black backgrounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflectance Spectroscopy as a Novel Tool for Thickness Measurements of Paint Layers

et al. 2023

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A major challenge in heritage science is the non-invasive cross-sectional analysis of paintings. When low-energy probes are used, the presence of opaque media can significantly hinder the penetration of incident radiation, as well as the collection of the backscattered signal. Currently, no technique is capable of uniquely and noninvasively measuring the micrometric thickness of heterogeneous materials, such as pictorial layers, for any painting material. The aim of this work was to explore the possibility of extracting stratigraphic information from reflectance spectra obtained by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). We tested the proposed approach on single layers of ten pure acrylic paints. The chemical composition of each paint was first characterised by micro-Raman and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopies. The spectral behaviour was analysed by both Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) and Vis-NIR multispectral reflectance imaging. We showed that there is a clear correlation between the spectral response of acrylic paint layers and their micrometric thickness, which was previously measured by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Based on significant spectral features, exponential functions of reflectance vs. thickness were obtained for each paint, which can be used as calibration curves for thickness measurements. To the best of our knowledge, similar approaches for cross-sectional measurements of paint layers have never been tested.

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Influence of composition and roughness on the pigment mapping of paintings using mid-infrared fiberoptics reflectance spectroscopy (mid-IR FORS) and multivariate calibration

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

Thickness determination of gold layer on pre‐Columbian objects and a gilding frame, combining pXRF and PLS regression

Thickness determination of gold layer on pre‐Columbian objects and a gilding frame, combining pXRF and PLS regression

Non-invasive techniques for revealing the palette of the Romantic painter Francesco Hayez

Reflectance Spectroscopy as a Novel Tool for Thickness Measurements of Paint Layers

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