Influence of chloride ion on electrochemical degradation of phenol in alkaline medium using bismuth doped and pure PbO2 anodes

Iniesta, Jesús; González-Garcı́a, José; Expósito, Eduardo; Montiel, Vicente; Aldaz, A.

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00043-4

Cited by 139 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The anodic generation of gases, as oxygen, can help the mechanical removal of the layer from the electrode surface. 1,34,35 …”

Section: Voltammetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current efficiencies for phenol and chlorophenol oxidations were based on the COD measurements, according to equation 1: 1,2,11,28 (1) where, (COD) t and (COD) t+Dt are the COD (mg O 2 L -1 ) at time t and t + Dt (s), respectively. I is the current (A), F the Faraday constant (96487 C mol -1 ), V the solution volume (L) and 8 is the gram equivalent of oxygen.…”

Section: M(ohmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4] They are refractory to conventional treatment process and, in the presence of chlorine, they may produce chlorophenols, which are carcinogenic and even more refractory to degradation than the phenols themselves. [4][5][6] There are several available processes to treat effluents containing phenols, such as biological treatment, advanced oxidation processes, oxidation in supercritical water and electrochemical oxidation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The organic compounds present in solution were extracted with dichloromethane at pH 2 (adjusted with H 2 SO 4 ) and analyzed with the GC/MS according to USEPA 8270D method. The COD (chemical oxygen demand) determination was carried out using oxidation with potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid and heating for 2 h at 150 °C according to Hanna method using a spectrophotometer model HI 83099.The current efficiencies for phenol and chlorophenol oxidations were based on the COD measurements, according to equation 1: 1,2,11,28 (1) where, (COD) t and (COD) t+Dt are the COD (mg O 2 L -1 ) at time t and t + Dt (s), respectively. I is the current (A), F the Faraday constant (96487 C mol -1 ), V the solution volume (L) and 8 is the gram equivalent of oxygen.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The anodic generation of gases, as oxygen, can help the mechanical removal of the layer from the electrode surface. 1,34,35 Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO 2 Anode: Effect of Some Electrolysis Parameters …”

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confidence: 99%

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Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO2 anode: effect of some electrolysis parameters

Santos¹,

Afonso²,

Dutra³

2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Foram investigadas as influências do tempo de eletrólise, da área anódica, da densidade de corrente e do tipo de eletrólito na degradação de fenol e de seus subprodutos de oxidação em anodo de Ti/RuO 2 . Foi observado que na presença de cloreto ocorreu rápida degradação de fenol e de seus subprodutos. Resultados de cromatografia gasosa/espectroscopia de massa (GC/MS) mostraram que a presença de cloreto levou à formação inicial de clorofenóis através do Cl 2 e/ou OCl¯ gerados durante a eletrólise. Entretanto, eles posteriormente atuaram na degradação dos clorofenóis. As concentrações limites estabelecidas pelo Órgão Ambiental Brasileiro (CONAMA) para descartes de fenol e clorofenóis foram obtidas após 360 min de eletrólise a uma densidade de corrente fixa de 10 mA cm -2 . Voltamogramas cíclicos obtidos antes e após 436 h de eletrólise em condições severas de salinidade (2 mol L -1 ) e densidade de corrente (800 mA cm -2 ) mostraram que o eletrodo de Ti/RuO 2 não perdeu suas propriedades eletrocatalíticas.The influences of electrolysis time, anodic area, current density and supporting electrolyte on phenol and its byproducts degradation on a Ti/RuO 2 anode were investigated. It was observed that phenol and its byproducts were rapidly broken down in the presence of chloride ions. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) data have shown that the presence of chloride ions lead to chlorophenols formation, due to reactions with Cl 2 and/or OCl¯ generated during electrolysis. However, these intermediate products were also degraded later by the oxidizing agents. The standards established by the CONAMA (Brazilian National Council for the Environment) for phenols and chlorophenols in effluents were achieved after 360 min of electrolysis with a current density of 10 mA cm -2 . Cyclic voltammograms obtained with the anodes before and after 436 h of electrolysis under severe salinity conditions (2 mol L -1 ) and current density (800 mA cm -2 ) showed that Ti/RuO 2 did not lose its electrocatalytic properties. This fact indicates that Ti/RuO 2 can be used for the treatment of effluents containing phenols in a chloride environment. Keywords: electrooxidation, phenols, chlorophenols, supporting electrolyte IntroductionPhenols are persistent organic compounds found in aqueous effluents from domestic activities such as cooking, washing and bathing, as well as petroleum refineries, steel plants, dyeing manufacturing, pharmaceutical and plastic industries. [1][2][3][4] They are refractory to conventional treatment process and, in the presence of chlorine, they may produce chlorophenols, which are carcinogenic and even more refractory to degradation than the phenols themselves. [4][5][6] There are several available processes to treat effluents containing phenols, such as biological treatment, advanced oxidation processes, oxidation in supercritical water and electrochemical oxidation. 6-8 Furthermore, some of those processes, for instance photocatalytic oxidation process, presents high operational costs and operational issues due...

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“…The anodic generation of gases, as oxygen, can help the mechanical removal of the layer from the electrode surface. 1,34,35 …”

Section: Voltammetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: M(ohmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO2 anode: effect of some electrolysis parameters

Santos¹,

Afonso²,

Dutra³

2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Dimensionally Stable Lead Dioxide Anodes Electrodeposited from Methanesulfonate Electrolytes: Physicochemical Properties and Electrocatalytic Reactivity in Oxygen Transfer Reactions

Shmychkova

Luk’yanenko

Величенко

2018

Advanced Coating Materials

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Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation of Phenol in the Presence of Chloride for Wastewater Treatment

Rajkumar¹,

Kim

Palanivelu

2005

Chem. Eng. Technol.

137

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Electrochemical oxidation of phenol using a Ti/TiO 2 -RuO 2 -IrO 2 anode in the presence of chloride as the supporting electrolyte was investigated. The experiments were performed in an undivided batch reactor. Preliminary investigations showed that only a small fraction of phenol was oxidized by direct electrolysis, while complete degradation of phenol was achieved by indirect electrochemical oxidation using chloride as a supporting electrolyte. The effect of operating parameters such as initial pH, supporting electrolyte concentration, phenol concentration, and charge input was studied using Box-Behnken second order composite experimental design. The effect of current density on COD removal was studied separately. TOC removal and AOX formation were studied for selected conditions. It was found that the formation of chlorinated organic compounds was pronounced at the beginning of electrolysis, but it was reduced to lower levels by extended electrolysis.

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Influence of chloride ion on electrochemical degradation of phenol in alkaline medium using bismuth doped and pure PbO2 anodes

Cited by 139 publications

References 20 publications

Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO2 anode: effect of some electrolysis parameters

Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO2 anode: effect of some electrolysis parameters

Dimensionally Stable Lead Dioxide Anodes Electrodeposited from Methanesulfonate Electrolytes: Physicochemical Properties and Electrocatalytic Reactivity in Oxygen Transfer Reactions

Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation of Phenol in the Presence of Chloride for Wastewater Treatment

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