Influence of a fiberglass layer on the lightning strike damage response of CFRP laminates in the dry and hygrothermal environments

Understanding how arc attachment behaviour influences the prediction of composite specimen thermal loading during an artificial lightning strike test

“…In addition herein the temperature range associated with resin decomposition is modelled as 500°C and 800°C (modelled between 300°C and 500°C by Abdelal), based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) by Ogasawara et al [29]. Kawakami suggests that explosive moisture vaporisation causes moderate damage and Li [39] finds there is a greater damage area and depth with increased moisture in the composite. Again using Ogasawara's TGA data moisture loss is assumed to occur at 300°C (not modelled but a monitored boundary at which damage with very rapid heating is possible).…”

“…To date test standards representing the features of real world lightning events have been developed and are used to ensure that lightning protection systems can safely shield the underlying composite materials during the service life of an aircraft [8][9][10][11]. Variants of such test procedures have also been used to understand how the design parameters of a composite material and the parameters of the test arrangement influence the scale and form of material damage with and without protection systems [3][4][5][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. However, due to the experimental challenges associated with lightning strike testing (the high energy involved, the short duration of the event, the limited number of facilities and resulting cost and waiting time [26]) a body of computational research has also evolved which attempts to model the standard tests.…”

Finite Element Analysis of Lightning Damage Factors Based on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer

“…The ablation behavior of the resin was considered a decay process, with a degree of pyrolysis C: = . (7) In equation (7), W is the sample quantity; and i and f represent the initial and final states of the sample, respectively. Properties of each unit were modeled as a function of C, and the epoxy resin was assumed to be almost completely ablated at about 600 °C based on previous thermogravimetric analysis results evaluated from 25 °C to 1000 °C with a constant heating rate of 15 K/min.…”

“…According to statistics published by the Royal Canadian Air Force, a commercial plane is struck by lightning once a year on average, and the probability increases in thunderstorm-prone areas [3][4][5]. When a lightning strike occurs, up to 200 kA of electricity can be generated and released in microseconds [6][7][8]. Due to insulating resins that exist in CFRPs, the conductivity of CFRPs is much lower than that of metallic materials, and it is impossible for CFRPs to dissipate the current from a lightning strike in a short time [9].…”

Evaluation method for lightning damage of carbon fiber reinforced polymers subjected to multiple lightning strikes with different combinations of current components

“…12,13 However, the existing lightning testing technologies and damage evaluation methods lag far behind the development of CFRP materials; these technological limitations have become the bottlenecks restricting the application of advanced CFRP composites in the aeronautic field. Previous studies focused mainly on the lightning damage effect of CFRPs subjected to a single lightning current impulse, [14][15][16][17] such as 4/20 ls, 10/350 ls, lighting component A or D, etc. Hirano et al 14 studied the lightning damage of CFRP laminates using impulse currents of 2.6/10.5 ls, 4/20 ls and 7/150 ls and found that the lightning damage in the CFRPs consisted of fiber damage, resin deterioration and internal delamination.…”