2011
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101322
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Abstract: The modern rise in obesity and its strong association with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes have elicited interest in the underlying mechanisms of these pathologies. The discovery that obesity itself results in an inflammatory state in metabolic tissues ushered in a research field that examines the inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Here, we summarize the unique features of this metabolic inflammatory state, termed metaflammation and defined as low-grade, chronic inflammation orchestrated by metabolic c… Show more

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Cited by 2,992 publications
(2,637 citation statements)
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References 180 publications
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“…The TLR5 receptor in human epithelial cells (colonocytes) recognizes the flagellum and induces a downstream cascade which results in initiation of pro‐inflammatory pathways and secretion of IL‐8 (Neville et al , 2013). Such low‐grade inflammation has been repeatedly linked to obesity, increased insulin resistance, and diabetes (Gregor & Hotamisligil, 2011) providing a potential explanation for our observation that BMI and insulin resistance are significantly higher in individuals who predominantly harbor the flagellum‐carrying subspecies (MGSS2 and MGSS3) in the Danish (Le Chatelier et al , 2013) and Swedish (Karlsson et al , 2013) cohorts (Fig 3D). This association is independent of the specific abundance of the subspecies in the individuals.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 54%
“…The TLR5 receptor in human epithelial cells (colonocytes) recognizes the flagellum and induces a downstream cascade which results in initiation of pro‐inflammatory pathways and secretion of IL‐8 (Neville et al , 2013). Such low‐grade inflammation has been repeatedly linked to obesity, increased insulin resistance, and diabetes (Gregor & Hotamisligil, 2011) providing a potential explanation for our observation that BMI and insulin resistance are significantly higher in individuals who predominantly harbor the flagellum‐carrying subspecies (MGSS2 and MGSS3) in the Danish (Le Chatelier et al , 2013) and Swedish (Karlsson et al , 2013) cohorts (Fig 3D). This association is independent of the specific abundance of the subspecies in the individuals.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 54%
“…Specifically, given the $41.3 billion dollar cost of all-cause 30-day readmissions in the United States in 2011, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) began to implement the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program in which reduced payments are disbursed to hospitals with excessive risk-adjusted readmissions within 30 days of discharge for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and pneumonia. 1 Subsequently, the program was expanded to include patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and those admitted for total hip/knee arthroplasty. 1 With further expansion announced for coronary bypass artery grafting starting 2017, continued study of procedure-specific readmission risks is imperative not only to avoid payment penalties, but more importantly, to understand root causes of unplanned readmissions and to increase the quality of care delivered.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1 Subsequently, the program was expanded to include patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and those admitted for total hip/knee arthroplasty. 1 With further expansion announced for coronary bypass artery grafting starting 2017, continued study of procedure-specific readmission risks is imperative not only to avoid payment penalties, but more importantly, to understand root causes of unplanned readmissions and to increase the quality of care delivered. 1 A number of studies have been performed to understand better readmissions in surgical patients.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…This disease often courses with a low-grade chronic inflammation [33], characterized by changes in the release of inflammation-related adipokines and macrophage infiltration within the white adipose tissue, which may play an important role in the onset and development of obesityrelated diseases [23,55,63]. This could be a target for understanding the etiology and complications of some causes of obesity [20]. Indeed, several hypotheses have been proposed as the cause for the initiation of inflammatory processes during obesity, including oxidative stress [14,23], endoplasmic reticulum stress [21,24,38], and adipose tissue hypoxia [48,59].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%