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Cited by 100 publications
(114 citation statements)
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References 66 publications
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“…Long-term alterations in the regulation of the HPA axis and its final product, cortisol, are a known consequence of the enormous stress caused by maltreatment during childhood (Carpenter et al, 2007), and are linked to health outcomes such as cancer and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (Kumari, Shipley, Stafford, & Kivimaki, 2011; Volden & Conzen, 2013). Furthermore, chronic inflammatory processes, encompassing increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, are a demonstrated long-term consequence of child maltreatment (Boeck et al, 2016) and are known to play a role in the pathomechanisms of cancer (Taniguchi & Karin, 2018), cardiovascular diseases (Harrington, 2017), diabetes and other metabolic diseases (Herder et al, 2016). As well as biological mechanisms, socioeconomic and behavioural aspects are considered to be relevant for the demonstrated link between child maltreatment and health conditions in adulthood.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Long-term alterations in the regulation of the HPA axis and its final product, cortisol, are a known consequence of the enormous stress caused by maltreatment during childhood (Carpenter et al, 2007), and are linked to health outcomes such as cancer and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (Kumari, Shipley, Stafford, & Kivimaki, 2011; Volden & Conzen, 2013). Furthermore, chronic inflammatory processes, encompassing increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, are a demonstrated long-term consequence of child maltreatment (Boeck et al, 2016) and are known to play a role in the pathomechanisms of cancer (Taniguchi & Karin, 2018), cardiovascular diseases (Harrington, 2017), diabetes and other metabolic diseases (Herder et al, 2016). As well as biological mechanisms, socioeconomic and behavioural aspects are considered to be relevant for the demonstrated link between child maltreatment and health conditions in adulthood.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[17,93] Moreover, sustained GR signaling and chronic HPA-axis activation resulting in hyperglycemia can cause excessive mitochondrial fragmentation. [95] This cascade may be at the root of the ELS effects on the mitochondria. [17] Although excessive glucocorticoid levels can increase oxidative stress implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction, [94] understanding mitochondrial ROS as intracellular signaling molecules rather than deleterious byproducts of cellular respiration can explain how they may increase mitochondrial content as a compensatory response to meet energy demands of the cell following glucocorticoid exposure.…”
Section: How Does Resilience Affect Biologic Findings After Early Lifmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[88] For example, chronic caregiving stress is correlated with lower mitochondrial respiratory chain capacity but not mtDNAcn. [95] Additionally, preliminary evidence suggests that childhood adversity may affect the mitochondria through epigenetic pathways. [97] Child maltreatment is associated with altered mitochondrial functioning, higher oxidative stress, and a pro-inflammatory phenotype.…”
Section: How Does Resilience Affect Biologic Findings After Early Lifmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Interestingly, as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment is able to prevent delayed effects of maternal separation in rats [48], it is likely that early pharmacological interventions targeting inflammation may be effective in preventing the long-term consequences of early-life adversity in humans. Independent of facing additional social stressors, spontaneous production of proinflammatory cytokines in isolated immune cells was also higher in women with a history of childhood maltreatment [40]. Three other studies further found exaggerated IL-6 responses to ex vivo stimulation of toll-like receptors 3, 4, and 5 in adolescents raised in harsh family environments [281], in adults raised in low socioeconomic status [282] and in adolescent girls with early-life adversity [107, 112].…”
Section: Stress Inflammation and Mental Health: The Cytokine Theorymentioning
confidence: 99%