Inflammasome-activated gasdermin D causes pyroptosis by forming membrane pores

Liu, Xing; Zhang, Zhibin; Ruan, Jianbin; Pan, Ying; Magupalli, Venkat Giri; Wu, Hao; Lieberman, Judy

doi:10.1038/nature18629

Cited by 2,187 publications

(1,924 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…GSDMD 1-275 cleavage by caspase-1 induces pyroptosis by forming a large plasma membrane pore (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33). To evaluate the effect of EV71 3C on GSDMD, we assessed the cell viability and cell death of different cleavage fragments of GSDMD.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon activation by caspases, GSDMD undergoes proteolytic cleavage and releases its N-terminal domain, GSDMD 1-275 (28)(29)(30)(31)(32). As a result, this induces pyroptosis by causing extensive pore formation on the cell plasma membrane (28, 29, 31-33, 40, 41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, it has been reported that gasdermin D (GSDMD) mediates pyroptosis, which is cleaved and activated by caspase-1 and caspase-11 (24)(25)(26)(27). The cleaved N-terminal fragment of GSDMD directly forms pores in the cytoplasmic membrane (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33). It is believed that pyroptosis can inhibit and clear intracellular pathogens (34).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Enterovirus 71 Inhibits Pyroptosis through Cleavage of Gasdermin D

Lei

Zhang

Xiao

et al. 2017

J Virol

110

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Enterovirus 71 (EV71) can cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. Severe infection with EV71 can lead to neurological complications and even death. However, the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we report that EV71 induces degradation of gasdermin D (GSDMD), an essential component of pyroptosis. Remarkably, the viral protease 3C directly targets GSDMD and induces its cleavage, which is dependent on the protease activity. Further analyses show that the Q193-G194 pair within GSDMD is the cleavage site of 3C. This cleavage produces a shorter N-terminal fragment spanning amino acids 1 to 193 (GSDMD ). However, unlike the N-terminal fragment produced by caspase-1 cleavage, this fragment fails to trigger cell death or inhibit EV71 replication. Importantly, a T239D or F240D substitution abrogates the activity of GSDMD consisting of amino acids 1 to 275 (GSDMD ). This is correlated with the lack of pyroptosis or inhibition of viral replication. These results reveal a previously unrecognized strategy for EV71 to evade the antiviral response.IMPORTANCE Recently, it has been reported that GSDMD plays a critical role in regulating lipopolysaccharide and NLRP3-mediated interleukin-1␤ (IL-1␤) secretion. In this process, the N-terminal domain of p30 released from GSDMD acts as an effector in cell pyroptosis. We show that EV71 infection downregulates GSDMD. EV71 3C cleaves GSDMD at the Q193-G194 pair, resulting in a truncated N-terminal fragment disrupted for inducing cell pyroptosis. Notably, GSDMD 1-275 (p30) inhibits EV71 replication whereas GSDMD 1-193 does not. These results reveal a new strategy for EV71 to evade the antiviral response. KEYWORDS EV71, HFMD, 3C, GSDMDE nterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major etiological agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) which affects infants and children younger than 5 years of age. Most of these infections are self-limited with mild symptoms, including fever and vesicular eruptions mainly on the skin of hands and feet and in the mouth. However, some patients show severe neurological diseases, including aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, encephalitis, and pulmonary edema. Since it was first isolated in California in 1974 (1-3), EV71 infection has caused many large-scale epidemics in the world, especially in the Asia-Pacific region (1, 4-6). To date, there are no effective therapeutic drugs for EV71 infection.EV71 belongs to the Enterovirus genus of the family Picornaviridae. The viral genome is approximately 7,500 nucleotides in length, with a single open reading frame that encodes a large precursor protein that is subsequently processed into three structural (VP0, VP1, and VP3) and seven nonstructural (2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D) proteins by the virus-encoded protease 2A or 3C (7). The three structural proteins and the RNA form provirions, in which VP0 is cleaved into VP2 and VP4 by RNA or 3CD, but the

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enterovirus 71 Inhibits Pyroptosis through Cleavage of Gasdermin D

Lei

Zhang

Xiao

et al. 2017

J Virol

110

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“…In this context, gasdermin D has recently emerged as an important player for the induction and execution of pyroptosis. This autoregulated protein is responsible for pyroptosis and is active only when processed by caspase-1 or caspase-11 [51,52]. However, recent reports have described gasdermin D processing and the formation of membrane pores to allow IL-1β secretion without inducing pyroptosis [53,54].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SopB activates the Akt-YAP pathway to promote Salmonella survival within B cells

et al. 2018

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B cells are a target of Salmonella infection, allowing bacteria survival without inducing pyroptosis. This event is due to downregulation of Nlrc4 expression and lack of inflammasome complex activation, which impairs the secretion of IL-1β. YAP phosphorylation is required for downregulation of Nlrc4 in B cells during Salmonella infection; however, the microorganism’s mechanisms underlying the inhibition of the NLRC4 inflammasome in B cells are not fully understood. Our findings demonstrate that the Salmonella effector SopB triggers a signaling cascade involving PI3K, PDK1 and mTORC2 that activates Akt with consequent phosphorylation of YAP. When we deleted sopB in Salmonella, infected B cells that lack Rictor, or inhibited the signaling cascade using a pharmacological approach, we were able to restore the function of the NLRC4 inflammasome in B cells and the ability to control the infection. Furthermore, B cells from infected mice exhibited activation of Akt and YAP phosphorylation, suggesting that Salmonella also triggers this pathway in vivo. In summary, our data demonstrate that the Salmonella effector inositide phosphate phosphatase SopB triggers the PI3K-Akt-YAP pathway to inhibit the NLRC4 inflammasome in B cells. This study provides further evidence that Salmonella triggers cellular mechanisms in B lymphocytes to manipulate the host environment by turning it into a survival niche to establish a successful infection.

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“…Independently of cytokine maturation, caspase-1 is able to cleave gasdermin D [44,45]. The N-terminal segment of gasdermin D forms pores in membranes [46][47][48][49] and induces a type of cell death called pyroptosis. In contrast to the pyrin domainefficient activation of Dronc, which dissociates and cleaves its substrate Drice (Fig.…”

Section: The Role Of Asc In Cytokine Maturation and Pyroptosismentioning

confidence: 99%

The NLRC4 inflammasome: The pieces of the puzzle are falling into place

Hafner-Bratkovič¹

2017

Inflammasome

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Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein platforms for the activation of inflammatory caspases. As components of the innate immune system, they play an important role in the fight against microbes. However, aberrant inflammasome activation has been implicated in auto-inflammatory syndromes. This review focuses on the NLRC4 inflammasome. This is perhaps not the most extensively studied, yet its mechanism of activation is by far the best understood. The NLRC4 inflammasome is activated by several proteins originating from intracellular bacteria, which are first sensed by receptors of the NAIP family. Activated NAIP binds NLRC4, which further recruits dormant NLRC4 molecules in a prion-like oligomerization event. NLRC4 enables a strong amplification of the signal, providing a fast and robust host response. The review also discusses peculiar NLRC4 inflammasome functions in promoting eicosanoid biosynthesis, actin reorganization, and its roles in autoinflammatory syndromes and sterile inflammation. Finally, the first inflammasomeindependent engagement of NLRC4 in suppressing melanoma tumor growth is presented. The emerging roles of NLRC4 in various normal and pathological processes demonstrate that there is still plenty to be learned about the NLRC4 mechanism of activation and downstream functions.

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Inflammasome-activated gasdermin D causes pyroptosis by forming membrane pores

Cited by 2,187 publications

References 31 publications

Enterovirus 71 Inhibits Pyroptosis through Cleavage of Gasdermin D

Enterovirus 71 Inhibits Pyroptosis through Cleavage of Gasdermin D

SopB activates the Akt-YAP pathway to promote Salmonella survival within B cells

The NLRC4 inflammasome: The pieces of the puzzle are falling into place

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