Infections Caused by Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria in Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Al-Anazi, Khalid Ahmed; Al-Jasser, Asma M.; Alanazi, Waleed

doi:10.3389/fonc.2014.00311

Cited by 38 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Opportunistic pathogens such as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and legionellae may enter cars via biofilms in car heaters/air conditioners (AC) (11,12) and in windshield washer reservoirs (13), as well as other sources (14)(15)(16). Even though many types of NTM are increasingly recognized as human pathogens (17)(18)(19), there is virtually no information on their recovery from inside the family car. Any future studies on the microbiota in the family car should include assessment of NTM and their potential health impacts, especially in combination with other airborne pollutants in family cars (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne Pathogens inside Automobiles for Domestic Use: Assessing In-Car Air Decontamination Devices Using Staphylococcus aureus as the Challenge Bacterium

Sattar

Zargar

Wright

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Family cars represent ∼74% of the yearly global output of motorized vehicles. With a life expectancy of ∼8 decades in many countries, the average person spends >100 min daily inside the confined and often shared space of the car, with exposure to a mix of potentially harmful microbes. Can commercial in-car microbial air decontamination devices mitigate the risk? Three such devices (designated devices 1 to 3) with HEPA filters were tested in the modified passenger cabin (3.25 m) of a four-door sedan housed within a biosafety level 3 containment facility. (ATCC 6538) was suspended in a soil load to simulate the presence of body fluids and aerosolized into the car's cabin with a 6-jet Collison nebulizer. A muffin fan (80 mm by 80 mm, with an output of 0.17 m/min) circulated the air inside. Plates (150 mm diameter) of Trypticase soy agar (TSA), placed inside a programmable slit-to-agar sampler, were held at 36 ± 1°C for 18 to 24 h and examined for CFU. The input dose of the test bacterium, its rate of biological decay, and the log reductions by the test devices were analyzed. The arbitrarily set performance criterion was the time in hours a device took for a 3-log reduction in the level of airborne challenge bacterium. On average, the level of challenge in the air varied between 4.2 log CFU/m and 5.5 log CFU/m, and its rate of biological decay was -0.0213 ± 0.0021 log CFU/m/min. Devices 1 to 3 took 2.3, 1.5, and 9.7 h, respectively, to meet the performance criterion. While the experimental setup was tested using as an archetypical airborne pathogen, it can be readily adapted to test other types of pathogens and technologies. This study was designed to test the survival of airborne pathogens in the confined and shared space of a family automobile as well as to assess claims of devices marketed for in-car air decontamination. The basic experimental setup and the test protocols reported are versatile enough for work with all major types of airborne human pathogens and for testing a wide variety of air decontamination technologies. This study could also lay the foundation for a standardized test protocol for use by device makers as well as regulators for the registration of such devices.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne Pathogens inside Automobiles for Domestic Use: Assessing In-Car Air Decontamination Devices Using Staphylococcus aureus as the Challenge Bacterium

Sattar

Zargar

Wright

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Off late there has been a surge in pulmonary infections and hospital acquired infections (HAI) in immunocompetent patients suggesting the importance of NTM on human health [27][28][29][30]. NTMs are implicated in medical device related infections because of their biofilm capabilities [31]. Their ubiquitous nature allows them to cause persistent infection in the patients in healthcare settings [32].…”

Section: Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria and Healthcare Acquired Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healthcare-Associated Meningitis Caused byM. tuberculosisand Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria

Xess¹,

Bala²,

Singh³

2020

Disorders of Consciousness - A Review of Important Issues

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Meningitis can be acquired in the community setting or secondary to invasive procedures or head trauma. The latter group has been classified as health-careassociated meningitis because the etiologic agents belong to a different spectrum of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative staphylococcus Gram negative bacilli, Aspergillus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans. IDSA Clinical Practice guidelines for Healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis does not include M. tuberculosis and NTM, but in the last decade infections caused by these organisms are on a rise. These infections are mostly associated with cerebrospinal fluid shunts, cerebrospinal fluid drains, intra-thecal drug therapy, deep brain stimulation hardware, neurosurgery and head trauma. Most commonly these are introduced during surgical procedures. Another important pathogenic factor is biofilm formation that increases the persistence and resistance to antibiotic therapy, hence the survival. A high index of suspicion aids early diagnosis but preventive measures such as care of the devices introduced into sterile spaces is essential. Sterilization of the critical items is recommended by treating with different chemical sterilizing agents but most importantly meticulous cleaning must precede any high-level disinfection or sterilization process. A course of multidrug therapy is required for prolonged period of time depending on mycobacterial species.

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“…Prophylactic trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole for pneumocystis also protects against Nocardia. Nontuberculous mycobacteria infection post HSCT has an incidence of between 0.4 and 10%, 44 associated with GvHD and further immunosuppression, and has a 7-19% mortality rate. 45,46 Noninfectious causes of nodules such as lymphoma, other malignancies, and post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) need histological diagnosis.…”

Section: Pulmonary Nodulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A clinical approach to respiratory disease in patients with hematological malignancy, with a focus on respiratory infection

Periselneris

Brown

2019

Medical Mycology

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Respiratory complications, in particular infections, are common in the setting of hematological malignancy and after hematopoetic stem cell transplant. The symptoms can be nonspecific; therefore, it can be difficult to identify and treat the cause. However, an understanding of the specific immune defect, clinical parameters such as speed of onset, and radiological findings, allows the logical diagnostic and treatment plan to be made. Radiological findings can include consolidation, nodules, and diffuse changes such as ground glass and tree-in-bud changes. Common infections that induce these symptoms include bacterial pneumonia, invasive fungal disease, Pneumocystis jirovecii and respiratory viruses. These infections must be differentiated from inflammatory complications that often require immune suppressive treatment. The diagnosis can be refined with the aid of investigations such as bronchoscopy, computed tomography (CT) guided lung biopsy, culture, and serological tests. This article gives a schema to approach patients with respiratory symptoms in this patient group; however, in the common scenario of a rapidly deteriorating patient, treatment often has to begin empirically, with the aim to de-escalate treatment subsequently after targeted investigations.

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Infections Caused by Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria in Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Cited by 38 publications

References 70 publications

Airborne Pathogens inside Automobiles for Domestic Use: Assessing In-Car Air Decontamination Devices Using Staphylococcus aureus as the Challenge Bacterium

Airborne Pathogens inside Automobiles for Domestic Use: Assessing In-Car Air Decontamination Devices Using Staphylococcus aureus as the Challenge Bacterium

Healthcare-Associated Meningitis Caused byM. tuberculosisand Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria

A clinical approach to respiratory disease in patients with hematological malignancy, with a focus on respiratory infection

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