“…In the current research regime of FDCA production, heterogeneous catalysts have been more attractively developed due to the stability and reusability. The oxidative catalytic methods have been extensively studied in various process of noble metals [gold (Au), , palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), and ruthenium (Ru) and non-noble metals [cerium (Ce), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) − ] supported heterogeneous catalysts. Moreover, the nonbase oxidation of HMF was studied over the Co–Mn–Br catalysts to produce high yield of FDCA. − Interestingly, a promising nonprecious manganese oxide (MnO 2 ) could act as an effective heterogeneous catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of HMF to FDCA in which the catalytic performance was determined by the oxygen vacancy formation. , Recently, calcium manganese oxide has been taken as an inspiration to achieve the goals of biomimetic oxygen-evolving catalysts and organic sulfide oxidation. − Although the calcium manganese oxides have been used to support of Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) in HMF oxidation, their catalytic properties of bare support materials remain a challenge in this field to reveal the synergistic interactions .…”