Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Dental and Nondental Tissue Regeneration: A Review of an Unexploited Potential

Abstract

Cell-based therapies currently represent the state of art for tissue regenerative treatment approaches for various diseases and disorders. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), reprogrammed from adult somatic cells, using vectors carrying definite transcription factors, have manifested a breakthrough in regenerative medicine, relying on their pluripotent nature and ease of generation in large amounts from various dental and nondental tissues. In addition to their potential applications in regenerative medicine and dentistry, iPSCs can also be used in disease modeling and drug testing for personalized medicine. The current review discusses various techniques for the production of iPSC-derived osteogenic and odontogenic progenitors, the therapeutic applications of iPSCs, and their regenerative potential in vivo and in vitro. Through the present review, we aim to explore the potential applications of iPSCs in dental and nondental tissue regeneration and to highlight different protocols used for the generation of different tissues and cell lines from iPSCs.

Stem Cells and Their Derivatives—Implications for Alveolar Bone Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review

“…iPSCs are derived from patient's somatic cells preventing immune rejection and can differentiate into several different cell lineages. Thanks to the abovementioned advantages, iPSC technology may be implemented as an alternative to autologous grafting, by which the patient-specific somatic cells are reprogramed into MSCs/osteoprogenitor cells, and seeded on an appropriate scaffold, and treated with bioactive molecules [50]. It is assumed that, in the case of dental tissue regeneration, the generation of iPSCs from dental tissue may be more beneficial than other tissue sources because of probable epigenetic memory maintenance of the source tissue [9,51].…”

The Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on IGF Axis and Stem Cell Mediated Regeneration of the Periodontium

“…To decrease risk of genetic instability and tumour formation of iPSCs, transfection using non-viral vectors (plasmid, proteins and mRNA among others) [ 87 ] and inducing their differentiation into one of their downstream lineages such as MSCs before clinical use were proposed [ 88 ]. iPSCs have been derived from different types of human dental MSCs including PDL cells which showed superior osteogenic capacities in animal models compared to iPSCs from gingival cells [ 87 ]. Mouse iPSCs loaded on silk scaffolds with EMD have successfully induced regeneration of periodontal tissues (more alveolar bone and cementum with PDL fibres in-between compared to scaffolds + EMD controls) in animal models [ 89 ].…”

Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells: The Prospect of Human Clinical Translation

“…MSC secretome might represent a clinical alternative to treat patients instantly, while overcoming the limitations and risks associated with cell-based therapy [ 130 , 131 ]. Although MSC conditioned medium (CM) and extracellular vesicles have demonstrated regenerative potential in treating diseases and injuries of the nervous system, heart, lung, liver, periodontium, and soft and hard tissues [ 18 , 132 – 140 ], several issues must be addressed before its successful clinical application, including the elimination of any xenogenic constitutions and the determination of the exact dosage, frequency of administration, protein composition, and mechanism of action [ 18 , 131 , 141 ].…”