Indoor air-quality investigation in code for sustainable homes and passivhaus dwellings

Abstract

Purpose – Energy efficient building design strategies are growing in popularity, promoted through increased awareness of climate change, rising energy prices, global consciousness and a demand for energy security. To aid this design process, assessment tools such as Code for Sustainable Homes (CSHs) and Passivhaus were introduced in the UK. However, it is suggested that these tools prioritise energy efficiency over occupant health through a fundamental lack of attention to indoor air quality (IAQ). The purpose of this paper is to investigate IAQ in selected dwellings built using CSHs level 6, level 3 and Passivhaus homes in the UK. Design/methodology/approach – Using a case study approach, the investigation consisted of IAQ measurements during summer and winter months, occupant diaries and occupant interviews. Findings – The results from the IAQ measurements show the recommended maximum level of 1,000 ppm was breached in all three Code 6 and two Code 3 homes, with levels slightly below this limit in the two Passivhaus homes. Measurements found high levels of formaldehyde, carbon dioxide and low levels of relative humidity. Practical implications – There is a need for the adequate consideration of IAQ in sustainable assessment methods, including the use of mandatory credits to ensure occupant health is not disregarded in the drive towards zero carbon. Originality/value – These results can be used to recognise areas of improvement in the CSHs and Passivhaus standard, and the design of energy efficient homes in general. Research of this nature is essential to ensure occupant health is not sacrificed through the drive towards zero carbon.

Meta-analysis of indoor temperatures in new-build housing

“…This is supported by the results of similar surveys relating to energy efficient dwellings, with concerns of summertime overheating expressed by both building occupants (Behar and Chiu, 2013;Holopainen et al, 2015;Knudsen et al, 2012;Kotol, 2012;Yakubu, 1996) and building professionals (Davis and Harvey, 2008;Gul et al, 2012). Evidence suggests occupants of low energy dwellings are often more comfortable during the winter season compared to summer (McGill et al, 2015;Mlecnik et al, 2012;Schnieders and Hermelink, 2006). …”

Passive House and Low Energy Buildings: Barriers and Opportunities for Future Development within UK Practice

“…Case studies of a relatively small number of Passive House and Code for Sustainable Homes certified dwellings investigated with respect to air quality also found concerns about ventilation [58]. In most of the buildings studied, the researchers found evidence of pollutant concentrations breaching or approaching the recommended limits, again indicating that further research might be needed to optimize ventilation and also required for a better understanding of occupant/client needs.…”

Scottish Passive House: Insights into Environmental Conditions in Monitored Passive Houses

“…Its ability to provide energy efficient background ventilation means that it is a compulsory requirement of the Passive House standard [15]. However, MVHR is a relatively new technology for domestic applications and there have consequently been issues with design, installation, commissioning and occupant use that have led to these systems not operating as intended [42]. This can have impacts on indoor air quality, moisture loads and temperature, consequently impacting the building fabric, performance and occupant health and wellbeing [14].…”