Indirect plant-mediated effects on insect immunity and disease resistance in a tritrophic system

Shikano, Ikkei; Ericsson, Jerry D.; Cory, Jenny S.; Myers, Judith H.

doi:10.1016/j.baae.2009.06.008

Cited by 76 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Heliothis virescens larvae fed on cotton grew more slowly, an indication of poor food quality, and were more resistant to Autographa californica MNPV (AcMNPV) than larvae fed lettuce or artiWcial diet that supported better larval growth (Hoover et al 1998). On the other hand, cabbage loopers were more resistant to AcMNPV when reared on the "better" foodplant, broccoli, than on cucumber (Shikano et al 2010). However, as natural food plants (or their secondary chemicals) can aVect some entomopathogens such as baculoviruses directly in the mid-gut, diVerences can be dependent on when the insects and pathogens are exposed to the plants (Cory and Hoover 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The role of hemolymph phenoloxidase in the susceptibility of lepidopteran larvae to baculoviral infection is less clear, and whether an association is found in Lepidoptera varies among studies (Reeson et al 1998;Shelby and Popham 2006;McNeil et al 2010;Saejeng et al 2011;Shikano et al 2010). Therefore, although PO levels are sometimes associated with the susceptibility of larvae to viral infection, direct manipulations of PO levels to test their role in defending against baculoviral infection are rarely done (but see Shelby and Popham 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…We optimized a previously described PO assay from another lepidopteran system (Ericsson et al 2009;Shikano et al 2010) by determining the dopamine substrate concentration that maximized the kinetic activity of PO found in western tent caterpillar hemolymph. For all assays, 20 l of the hemolymph buVer sample, and 150 l of 2 mM dopamine HCl (Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS (0.2 mM; pH: 6.8) were used as a substrate.…”

Section: Hemolymph Immunity Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are involved in the melanization and encapsulation of primary sites of infection in the mid-gut of larvae challenged with a baculovirus and also remove virus from the hemolymph (Washburn et al 1996;Trudeau et al 2001;McNeil et al 2010). In addition, Shikano et al (2010) found that cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni, feeding on a better quality host plant had higher hemocyte counts and were more resistant to NPV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The effect of food limitation on immunity factors and disease resistance in the western tent caterpillar

et al. 2011

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Epizootics of nucleopolyhedrovirus characterize declines of cyclic populations of western tent caterpillars, Malacosoma pluviale californicum. In field populations, infection can be apparently lacking in one generation and high in the next. This may suggest an increase in the susceptibility to infection of larvae at peak density or the triggering of a vertically transmitted virus. Here, we test the hypothesis that reduced food availability, as may occur during population outbreaks of tent caterpillars, influences the immunocompetence of larvae and increases their susceptibility to viral infection. We compared immunity factors, hemolymph phenoloxidase and hemocyte numbers, and the susceptibility to nucleopolyhedroviral infection of fifth instar larvae that were fully or partially fed as fourth instars. To determine if maternal or transgenerational influences occurred, we also determined the susceptibility of the offspring of the treated parents to viral infection. Food limitation significantly reduced larval survival, development rate, larval and pupal mass, moth fecundity and levels of hemolymph phenoloxidase, but not the numbers of hemocytes. Neither the food-reduced larvae nor their offspring were more susceptible to viral infection and were possibly even less susceptible at intermediate viral doses. Food reduction did not activate latent or covert viral infection of larvae as might be expected as a response to stress. We conclude that reducing the food intake of fourth instar larvae to an extent that had measurable and realistic impacts on their life history characteristics was not translated into increased susceptibility to viral infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Hemolymph Immunity Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The effect of food limitation on immunity factors and disease resistance in the western tent caterpillar

et al. 2011

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“…For example, oxidation of the phytochemical, chlorogenic acid, during insect chewing of plant material produces chlorogenoquinone, which can inactivate a baculovirus by binding to viral occlusion bodies and inhibiting the release of infective virions in the midgut (Felton & Duffey, 1990). Host-plant quality can also strongly influence insect susceptibility indirectly by altering insect physiology and the level of general immune measures, such as phenoloxidase activity, haemocyte numbers and the encapsulation rate (Klemola et al, 2007;Shikano et al, 2010;Laurentz et al, 2012). Few studies have focused on the importance of host-plant quality prior to pathogen exposure, but phytochemicals and nutrients are known to alter levels of constitutive immunity and physical barriers to pathogens that prevent or reduce the establishment of infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impact of non‐pathogenic bacteria on insect disease resistance: importance of ecological context

Shikano

Olson

Cory

2015

Ecological Entomology

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1. The aerial surface of plants is a habitat for large and diverse microbial communities; termed the phyllosphere. These microbes are unavoidably consumed by herbivores, and while the entomopathogens are well studied, the impact of non-pathogenic bacteria on herbivore life history is less clear.2. Previous work has suggested that consumption of non-entomopathogenic bacteria induces a costly immune response that might decrease the risk of infection. However, we hypothesised that insect herbivores should be selective in how they respond to commonly encountered non-pathogenic bacteria on their host plants to avoid unnecessary and costly immune responses.3. An ecologically realistic scenario was used in which we fed cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner, larvae on cabbage or cucumber leaves treated with the common non-entomopathogenic phyllosphere bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. syringae. Their constitutive immunity and resistance to a pathogenic bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis; Bt) and a baculovirus (T. ni single nucleopolyhedrovirus) were then examined.4. While feeding on bacteria-treated leaves reduced the growth rate and condition of T. ni, there was no effect on immunity (haemolymph antibacterial and phenoloxidase activities and haemocyte numbers). Phyllosphere bacteria weakly affected the resistance of T. ni to Bt but the direction of this effect was concentration dependent; resistance to the virus was unaffected. Host plant had an impact, with cucumber-fed larvae being more susceptible to Bt.5. The lack of evidence for a costly immune response to non-entomopathogenic bacteria suggests that T. ni are probably adapted to consuming common phyllosphere bacteria, and highlights the importance of the evolutionary history of participants in multi-trophic interactions.

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Plant Defences and Parasitoid Chemical Ecology

Ode¹

2013

Chemical Ecology of Insect Parasitoids

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Indirect plant-mediated effects on insect immunity and disease resistance in a tritrophic system

Cited by 76 publications

References 26 publications

The effect of food limitation on immunity factors and disease resistance in the western tent caterpillar

The effect of food limitation on immunity factors and disease resistance in the western tent caterpillar

Impact of non‐pathogenic bacteria on insect disease resistance: importance of ecological context

Plant Defences and Parasitoid Chemical Ecology

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