Indigenous community benefits from a de-centralized approach to REDD+ in Brazil

West, Thales A. P.

doi:10.1080/14693062.2015.1058238

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…This approach fostered active farmer participation in the planning phase of REDD+, a move that promoted equity at both the community and individual farmer level regarding information on REDD+. This significantly influenced acceptability and success of the project in the area [58]. In essence, this study corroborates the findings of [33] which asserted that socio-cultural attributes significantly influence social acceptability of agroforestry systems.…”

Section: Cocoa Farming For Livelihood and Climate Change Mitigation: supporting

confidence: 86%

Cocoa and Climate Change: Insights from Smallholder Cocoa Producers in Ghana Regarding Challenges in Implementing Climate Change Mitigation Strategies

Ameyaw

Ettl

Leissle

et al. 2018

Forests

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This study investigates the knowledge and perception of smallholder cocoa farmers on the potential impacts of climate change on cocoa production in Ghana. It addresses opinions on the inclusion of climate change mitigation strategies (such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation—REDD+) into cocoa production, and potential obstacles and roles of stakeholders in ensuring community acceptance of such strategies in a unique multiple land use area—the Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve. Data from the Ghana Meteorological Agency and through survey of 205 cocoa farmers were assessed with Mann-Kendall, Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Farmers’ perceptions of changes in climate were notably diverse and did not always match historic weather data, but accurately described increases in temperature and drought which are linked to cocoa productivity. Farmers appreciate the importance of tree maintenance for ecosystem services but were skeptical of financially rewarding climate change strategies which favor tree protection. Cultural practices associated with cocoa production encourage carbon release and may pose a threat to the objectives of REDD+. Farmers’ experience on the land, interactions with other farmers, government extension agents and cocoa buyers all influence cocoa agroforestry practices in the area, and communication through existing entities (particularly extension agents) presents a pathway to community acceptance of climate change mitigation strategies. The study recommends reforms in REDD+ strategies to adopt flexible and participatory frameworks to facilitate adoption and acceptability due to pronounced heterogeneity in community perceptions and knowledge of climate change and related issues.

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Section: Cocoa Farming For Livelihood and Climate Change Mitigation: supporting

confidence: 86%

Cocoa and Climate Change: Insights from Smallholder Cocoa Producers in Ghana Regarding Challenges in Implementing Climate Change Mitigation Strategies

Ameyaw

Ettl

Leissle

et al. 2018

Forests

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“…Brazil's PPCDAm and the National Climate Change Plan were the basis for a series of REDD+-related measures announced by the country since 2008 (West, 2016). Among those are the establishment of the national Forest Reference Emission Level for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in the Amazonia Biome for REDD+ Results-based Payments under the UNFCCC in 2014 (Brazil, 2014), the national REDD+ strategy, announced in 2016 and expected to launch in 2020 (Brazil, 2016), and the Amazon Fund, launched in 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic Benefits From the 2006–2017 Avoided Deforestation in Amazonian Brazil

West

Börner

Fearnside

2019

Front. For. Glob. Change

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Over three-fourths of Brazil's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions originate from land-use/cover change (LUCC). Alarming rates of forest loss in the Amazon region gained international attention in the past, but deforestation declined substantially since 2004 (although the rate has trended upwards since 2012). This result conforms to the GHG emission reduction targets set by the National Climate Change Plan, originally divided into three phases: 2006-2009; 2010-2013; and 2014-2017. According to the plan, emission reductions are measured against a deforestation baseline, initially corresponding to the average forest loss observed from 1996 to 2005 (reference period). We used an artificial neural network (ANN) model to spatialize the plan's original three-phase baseline and compare (i) the simulated carbon emissions from the baseline scenario to (ii) the emissions from observed deforestation during 2006-2017. Baseline spatialization was performed at the state level and informed by the 2000-2004 deforestation patterns in each state, resulting in nine state-specific calibrated ANNs. Simulated (baseline) and observed deforestation were compared to five biomass-density maps in order to estimate Brazil's GHG emission reductions. Our results indicate that forest loss during the study period was 62,321 km 2 lower than the baseline and associated with 1.5 ± 0.4 Pg of avoided CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere. Virtually all emission reductions (93%) occurred in the states of Mato Grosso (74%) and Rondônia (19%). In contrast, Roraima, Amazonas, and Amapá states increased GHG emissions by 44.8, 36.7, and 14.7 Tg CO 2 , respectively. Lastly, we discuss the issue of attribution of deforestation reductions for results-based payments (REDD+) and the emission reduction certificates issued by the Amazon Fund.

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“…At the local level, the most expressive example of a decentralized financial mechanism is the Surui Fund. Designed with high levels of local participation [118,119], the fund has been seen as an innovative way of decentralizing REDD+ fundraising and benefit-sharing while at the same time increasing autonomy [120]. The initiative, however, still presents some problems, such as absence of timely financial flows to meet the needs of the Surui tribe, principally of those who depend on productive activities, since the only currently accessible economic options in the reserve are environmentally damaging (i.e., illegal logging and cattle ranching) [121].…”

Section: Payments For Ecosystems Services (Pes) and Access To Financimentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Rewards and Punishments in the Brazilian Amazon: Practical Implications of the REDD+ Discourse

Gebara

Agrawal

2017

Forests

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Abstract:Through different policies and measures reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation and enhancing conservation (REDD+) has grown into a way to induce behavior change of forest managers and landowners in tropical countries. We argue that debates around REDD+ in Brazil have typically highlighted rewards and punishments, obscuring other core interventions and strategies that are also critically important to reach the goal of reducing deforestation, supporting livelihoods, and promoting conservation (i.e., technology transfer and capacity building). We adopt Foucault's concepts of governmentality and technologies of governance to provide a reading of the REDD+ discourse in Brazil and to offer an historical genealogy of the rewards and punishments approach. By analyzing practical elements from REDD+ implementation in the Brazilian Amazon, our research provides insights on the different dimensions in which smallholders react to rewards and punishments. In doing so, we add to the debate on governmentality, supplementing its focus on rationalities of governance with attention to the social practices in which such rationalities are embedded. Our research also suggests that the techniques of remuneration and coercion on which a rewards and punishments approach relies are only supporting limited behavioral changes on the ground, generating negative adaptations of deforestation practices, reducing positive feedbacks and, perhaps as importantly, producing only short-term outcomes at the expense of positive long-term land use changes. Furthermore, the approach ignores local heterogeneities and the differences between the agents engaging in forest clearing in the Amazon. The practical elements of the REDD+ discourse in Brazil suggest the rewards and punishments approach profoundly limits our understanding of human behavior by reducing the complex and multi-dimensional to a linear and rational simplicity. Such simplification leads to an underestimation of smallholders' capacity to play a key role in climate mitigation and adaptation. We conclude by highlighting the importance of looking at local heterogeneities and capacities and the need to promote trust, altruism and responsibility towards others and future generations.

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Indigenous community benefits from a de-centralized approach to REDD+ in Brazil

Cited by 22 publications

References 37 publications

Cocoa and Climate Change: Insights from Smallholder Cocoa Producers in Ghana Regarding Challenges in Implementing Climate Change Mitigation Strategies

Cocoa and Climate Change: Insights from Smallholder Cocoa Producers in Ghana Regarding Challenges in Implementing Climate Change Mitigation Strategies

Climatic Benefits From the 2006–2017 Avoided Deforestation in Amazonian Brazil

Beyond Rewards and Punishments in the Brazilian Amazon: Practical Implications of the REDD+ Discourse

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