Increasing Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in California Jails

Pan, Erica; Diep, Binh An; Carleton, Heather A.; Charlebois, Edwin D.; Sensabaugh, George F.; Haller, Barbara; Remington, Françoise Perdreau

doi:10.1086/379019

Cited by 174 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Some genetic diversity has been noted among ST59 strains as shown by variation in staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing (11,(23)(24)(25). ST59 strains were also isolated at a decreasing frequency in 1997-2001 from patients in a California jail (15), and in Western Europe and Singapore (11). We found 1 ST59 isolate and 1 single-locus variant of ST59 in the retrospective collection from the 1996 and 2000 outbreaks but found none in the prospective collection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…In an area of rural Alaska, SSTIs caused by CA-MRSA isolates have been a public health concern since 1996 (12)(13)(14). We explored the molecular diversity of strains causing CA-MRSA in this region and investigated the hypothesis that a transition to the dominance of USA300 had also occurred in this region, similar to that documented elsewhere in the United States (15).…”

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confidence: 94%

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Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus, Rural Southwestern Alaska1

David

Rudolph²,

Hennessy³

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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USA300 is the dominant strain responsible for community-associated (CA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in most of the United States. We examined isolates from outbreaks of MRSA skin infections in rural southwestern Alaska in 1996 and 2000 (retrospective collection) and from the hospital serving this region in 2004-2006 (prospective collection). Among 36 retrospective collection isolates, 92% carried Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes; all carried staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) type IV. None belonged to clonal complex (CC) 8, the CC associated with USA300; 57% were sequence type (ST) 1, and 26% were ST30; 61% were clindamycin resistant. In the prospective collection, 42 isolates were PVL+ and carried SCCmec type IV; 83.3% were ST1, 9.5% were ST30, and 7.1% were ST8. Among 120 prospective isolates, 57.5% were clindamycin resistant. CA-MRSA epidemiology in southwestern Alaska differs from that in the lower 48 states; ST8 strains were rarely identifi ed and clindamycin resistance was common.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus, Rural Southwestern Alaska1

David

Rudolph²,

Hennessy³

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…The first cases were reported from Australia (Udo et al 1993) but subsequently CA-MRSA spread throughout the world. CA-MRSA has often been reported in groups of people in close contact, e.g., sports team participants (Begier et al 2004), military recruits (Zinderman et al 2004) and correctional facility inmates (Pan et al 2003). Initially, certain genetic and phenotypic traits were claimed to define and differentiate CA-MRSA from hospital-associated (HA)-MRSA.…”

Section: Methicillin Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Infection control of Staphylococcus aureus : spa typing to elucidate transmission

Mernelius¹

2015

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Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal of the human flora, primarily colonizing the anterior nares and throat, but it may also cause infections ranging from mild skin and soft tissue infections to severe diseases such as endocarditis and septicemia. S. aureus is also a major nosocomial problem increasing with the worldwide dissemination of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).The main vector for bacterial cross-transmission in healthcare settings is the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs). No S. aureus was detected in the air in this thesis demonstrating that transmission through air is not important. Despite the fact that good compliance with hand hygiene is essential to prevent cross-transmission the compliance is generally less than 50 %.Gold standard to track bacterial transmission in healthcare settings has for long been pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE), a method that is labor-intensive, lacks consensus protocol and relies on semi-subjective analysis. Molecular typing by sequencing of the hypervariable part of the S. aureus protein A gene (spa typing) has overcome these problems and has shown promising results in epidemiological investigations.The aims of this thesis were to study bacterial transmission with S. aureus colonization of newborn infants as a model and to evaluate spa typing as a molecular tool. Additionally, the influence of compliance with hygiene guidelines on S. aureus transmission was assessed.Analysis of 280 MRSA isolates by spa typing revealed excellent typeability and epidemiological concordance and satisfactory discriminatory power. Additionally, spa typing was considered superior to PFGE thanks to its accessibility, ease of use and rapidity. Also, spa typing results are registered in a global database, facilitating inter-laboratory comparison.The prevalence of S. aureus ranged from 41 % to 66 % in the populations studied and males had the highest colonization rate. Throat was the premier colonization site for adults and transmission from individuals colonized in the throat only was documented, suggesting that throat cultures should be included in S. aureus screening programs. The umbilicus was the premier colonization site for newborn infants. Incubating the swabs in enrichment broth prior to plating increased the prevalence of S. aureus positive samples by 46 %, resulting in prevalence viii ranging from 51 % to 70 % in the populations studied. Thus enrichment prior to plating is necessary to determine more truthful S. aureus colonization rates. There were no indications of an institutional flora, as the colonization rates, spa type distribution and antibiotic resistance prevalence were similar among parents and HCWs.Direct observations and self-reporting by HCWs were both validated as tools for monitoring compliance with hygiene guidelines. The compliance with hygiene guidelines was significantly higher following a 10-point hygiene intervention as compared to baseline. The compliance was also higher three years after the intervention in three of four participating departm...

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“…CA-MRSA infections spread easily by direct skin-to-skin contact. Outbreaks in closed living communities, as with jail inmates, military recruits, and gay men, have been reported in the United States (16,26,28). The spread of PVL-positive S. aureus has also been described within families (25) and among healthcare staff (31).…”

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confidence: 99%

Emergence of Virulent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Carrying Panton-Valentine Leucocidin Genes in The Netherlands

et al. 2005

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Methicillin-resistantMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been recognized for decades as hospital acquired or healthcare associated (2,6,20). Nowadays, MRSA is also recognized as a worldwide emerging community-acquired pathogen (CA-MRSA) (5, 30, 32). CA-MRSA generally causes primary skin and soft tissue infections, such as furunculosis and abscesses, but necrotizing tissue infections and lethal hemorrhagic pneumonia, even in previously healthy individuals, have recently been described as well (5, 21). Most CA-MRSA strains have a common virulence factor: Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) (8,9,13,27). CA-MRSA infections spread easily by direct skin-to-skin contact. Outbreaks in closed living communities, as with jail inmates, military recruits, and gay men, have been reported in the United States (16,26,28). The spread of PVL-positive S. aureus has also been described within families (25) and among healthcare staff (31).In 2003 Due to the implementation of successful search-and-destroy guidelines, the incidence of MRSA in The Netherlands is very low (Ͻ1% in Dutch hospitals). Nevertheless, analysis of MRSA strains obtained from the Dutch MRSA surveillance program showed the presence of the PVL genes in MRSA with diverse STs (34). In this study, we have characterized 197 MRSA isolates randomly chosen from the national collection in The Netherlands. The PVL genes were detected in 5 of the 99 isolates (5%) collected in 2000 and in 15 of the 98 isolates (15%) collected in 2002. The genetic characteristics of the PVL-positive MRSA isolates were compared with those observed in other countries and continents. MATERIALS AND METHODSGeneral setting and organization of the survey. The National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) serves as the national reference center for surveillance of MRSA in The Netherlands. On behalf of the Dutch Health Inspectorate, each hospital is requested to send all first clinical MRSA isolates from sporadic infections and from nosocomial outbreaks to the RIVM for confirmation and further typing.Bacterial isolates. To estimate the prevalence of PVL-positive MRSA in The Netherlands, MRSA isolates were randomly chosen from the RIVM national MRSA surveillance collection for two periods of time: (i) for the period 1987 through 1995, 216 isolates were selected from a collection of 1,768 MRSA isolates; (ii) for the years 2000 and 2002, 99 and 98 MRSA isolates, respectively, were selected from a collection of 1,590 MRSA isolates. Identification of MRSA was confirmed by mecA PCR assay (12), Martineau PCR assay for species identification (22), and oxacillin susceptibility testing by E-test on MuellerHinton agar plus 2% NaCl with 24 h of incubation at 35°C (interpretation criteria were used according to the guidelines of the CLSI [formerly NCCLS]) (23).

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Increasing Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in California Jails

Cited by 174 publications

References 16 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus, Rural Southwestern Alaska1

Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus, Rural Southwestern Alaska1

Infection control of Staphylococcus aureus : spa typing to elucidate transmission

Emergence of Virulent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Carrying Panton-Valentine Leucocidin Genes in The Netherlands

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