Increasing intensity of El Niño in the central‐equatorial Pacific

Lee, Tong; McPhaden, Michael J.

doi:10.1029/2010gl044007

Cited by 621 publications

(581 citation statements)

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“…Further, Yu et al (2016) found that a decreasing trend in the frequency of thunderstorms over China is due to a decrease in moisture transported over the region resulting from decreasing monsoonal rainfall. Similarly, a reduction in Thn activity over India can be attributed to the decline of rainfall activity, and also to a reduction in the amount moisture due to a fall in the frequency of monsoon depressions, and the increasing intensity and trends of ENSO, PDO and AMO warm phases (Dash et al, 2004;Lee and McPhaden, 2010;Kulkarni et al, 2013;Krishnamurthy and Krishnamurthy, 2014a, b). Another possible potential source of reduced thunderstorm activity over India needs to be further explored.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal analysis of thunderstorm and rainfall activity over India

Bhardwaj

Singh

2018

Atm

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RESUMENLas tormentas eléctricas son uno de los fenómenos meteorológicos severos de mesoescala más devastadores, y desempeñan un papel relevante en la incidencia de precipitación en una región. Por ello, en el presente estudio se trató de identificar la relación entre días de tormenta (Thn), días de lluvia (Thr) y cantidad de la precipitación (Trr) en 294 estaciones meteorológicas distribuidas a lo largo de la India por medio de datos (normales climatológicas) publicados por el Departamento Meteorológico de la India (IMD, por sus siglas en inglés) para cuatro periodos: 1951-1980, 1961-1990, 1971-2000 y 1981-2010. El análisis mostró la existencia de una reducción drástica en la frecuencia de Thn, mientras que Thr y Trr mostraron un descenso leve. Se observó una correlación significativa entre las tres variables. El análisis mensual mostró un pico doble en la ocurrencia de Thn y un pico sencillo en la precipitación; sin embargo, se advirtió un intervalo de un mes entre la presentación de estos picos. Estos resultados demuestran que el monzón de verano de la India afecta de manera significativa la actividad de las tormentas eléctricas. El análisis estacional sugiere que Thn, Thr y Trr alcanzaron sus máximos durante la estación del monzón y sus mínimos durante el invierno. Por otra parte, se ha demostrado la existencia de una relación negativa entre Thn y Thr, y Thn y Trr durante el monzón, anomalía que puede deberse a la temperatura decreciente en la India durante dicha estación. Adicionalmente, el patrón espacial mensual y estacional de la ocurrencia de Thn, Thr y Trr permanece casi inalterado en el periodo . No obstante, se observó una disminución drástica en la frecuencia de Thn en los periodos subsiguientes en todo el país. De manera similar, se percibió una leve disminución en la frecuencia de Thr y Trr sobre la India, excepto en el noreste, que exhibe una tendencia al alza en la precipitación. Se ha encontrado que el índice Thn/Thr (R) alcanza su máximo en la temporada previa al monzón, mientras que el índice Trr/Thn alcanza su máximo durante la temporada del monzón. El análisis regional de Thn, Thr y Trr muestra una amplia gama de variaciones en la ocurrencia de estos patrones a lo largo del año. Se considera que los resultados de este estudio serán de utilidad para los meteorólogos, pilotos aviadores, agricultores y planificadores. ABSTRACTThunderstorms are one of the most devastating mesoscale severe weather phenomena, which play an important role in the occurrence of rainfall activity over a region. Therefore, in the present study an attempt has been made to identify the relationship between thunderstorm days (Thn), rainy days (Thr) and rainfall amounts (Trr) for 294 meteorological stations spreading over India, by means of published data (climatological normals) from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) for four periods, 1951-1980, 1961-1990, 1971-2000, and 1981-2010. The analysis has revealed a sharp decrease in the frequency of Thn, while Thr and Trr showed a slight decline. A significant correlat...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal analysis of thunderstorm and rainfall activity over India

Bhardwaj

Singh

2018

Atm

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“…The CP ENSO has occurred more frequently in the past few decades (Ashok et al 2007;Kao and Yu 2009;Kug et al 2009). The intensity of El Niño in the central Pacific region, for example, has doubled in the past three decades (Lee and McPhaden 2010), and the El Niño events in the twenty-first century so far have been mostly of the CP type (Yu et al 2012b). Therefore, the effects of ENSO on the WPSH variability need to be considered separately for the two types.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Source of AGCM Bias in Simulating the Western Pacific Subtropical High: Different Sensitivities to the Two Types of ENSO

Paek

Hwu³

et al. 2015

Monthly Weather Review

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This study reveals a possible cause of model bias in simulating the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) variability via an examination of an Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulation produced by the atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) developed at Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau (CWB). During boreal summer, the model overestimates the quasi-biennial (2-3 yr) band of WPSH variability but underestimates the low-frequency (3-5 yr) band of variability. The overestimation of the quasibiennial WPSH sensitivity is found to be due to the model's stronger sensitivity to the central Pacific El Niño-Southern Oscillation (CP ENSO) that has a leading periodicity in the quasi-biennial band. The model underestimates the low-frequency WPSH variability because of its weaker sensitivity to the eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO that has a leading periodicity in the 3-5-yr band. These different model sensitivities are shown to be related to the relative strengths of the mean Hadley and Walker circulations simulated in the model. An overly strong Hadley circulation causes the CWB AGCM to be overly sensitive to the CP ENSO, while an overly weak Walker circulation results in a weak sensitivity to the EP ENSO. The relative strengths of the simulated mean Hadley and Walker circulations are critical to a realistic simulation of the summer WPSH variability in AGCMs. This conclusion is further supported using AMIP simulations produced by three other AGCMs, including the CanAM4, GISS-E2-R, and IPSL-CM5A-MR models.

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“…The variability in the annual onset of transition to a reproductive state and subsequent changes to the vocal-acoustic system, including the auditory inner ear and vocal motor system, suggests an equally variable external circannual trigger. The occurrence of El Niño conditions during the winter season of 2010 (Lee and McPhaden, 2010) suggests warming ocean water temperatures may have affected the midshipman breeding population, as has been demonstrated in other fish stocks (Stenseth et al, 2002). Animals may begin the transition from non-reproductive to reproductive state and invest in gonadal development based on internal somatic cues such as nutritional state (Carrillo et al, 2009), which could vary year to year based on food availability due to environmental changes such as water temperature.…”

Section: Timing Of Annual Reproductive Rhythmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal plasticity of auditory hair cell frequency sensitivity correlates with plasma steroid levels in vocal fish

Rohmann

Bass

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYVertebrates displaying seasonal shifts in reproductive behavior provide the opportunity to investigate bidirectional plasticity in sensory function. The midshipman teleost fish exhibits steroid-dependent plasticity in frequency encoding by eighth nerve auditory afferents. In this study, evoked potentials were recorded in vivo from the saccule, the main auditory division of the inner ear of most teleosts, to test the hypothesis that males and females exhibit seasonal changes in hair cell physiology in relation to seasonal changes in plasma levels of steroids. Thresholds across the predominant frequency range of natural vocalizations were significantly less in both sexes in reproductive compared with non-reproductive conditions, with differences greatest at frequencies corresponding to call upper harmonics. A subset of non-reproductive males exhibiting an intermediate saccular phenotype had elevated testosterone levels, supporting the hypothesis that rising steroid levels induce non-reproductive to reproductive transitions in saccular physiology. We propose that elevated levels of steroids act via long-term (days to weeks) signaling pathways to upregulate ion channel expression generating higher resonant frequencies characteristic of nonmammalian auditory hair cells, thereby lowering acoustic thresholds.

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Increasing intensity of El Niño in the central‐equatorial Pacific

Cited by 621 publications

References 21 publications

Spatial and temporal analysis of thunderstorm and rainfall activity over India

Spatial and temporal analysis of thunderstorm and rainfall activity over India

A Source of AGCM Bias in Simulating the Western Pacific Subtropical High: Different Sensitivities to the Two Types of ENSO

Seasonal plasticity of auditory hair cell frequency sensitivity correlates with plasma steroid levels in vocal fish

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